Does gaze cueing produce automatic response activation: A lateralized readiness potential (LRP) study

Vainio, Lari; Heimola, Mikko; Heino, Hannele; Iljin, I.; Laamanen, Petra; Seesjärvi, Erik; Paavilainen, Petri

doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.015

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…While collecting reaction time and accuracy for providing feedback and as behavioral measures, the ERPs (and associated cognitive parameters) that are assessed are: C1 for early visual processing (Kelly et al, 2008 ), P50 for early auditory processing (Smith et al, 2013 ), MMN for discriminative auditory processing (Chen et al, 2014 ), the N1-P2 complex as a marker of corollary discharge—for self-inference or agency detection (Wang et al, 2014 ), N170 for recognition and differential object perception (Caharel et al, 2013 ), N2pc for covert attention shift (Cespón et al, 2013 ), LRP for motor readiness (Vainio et al, 2014 ), P300 for sustained attention, working memory, context updating and discrimination (Shaikh et al, 2013 ), and finally ERN for self-regulation and performance monitoring (Arbel and Donchin, 2014 ). We discuss the results for four of these ERPs in more detail below:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide variety of ERPs have been studied extensively–for example: the C1, an early visual component that occurs within few milliseconds following the stimulus presentation and not much influenced by the visuospatial attention (Kelly et al, 2008 ), P50 an early auditory component used for assessment of sensory gating (Smith et al, 2013 ), MMN—an index of sound discrimination even in the absence of attention(Chen et al, 2014 ), N1-P2 complex for corollary discharge mechanism—which discriminates sensations generated by one's own action and those generated externally (Wang et al, 2014 ), N170—a component that marks rapid perception of faces and familiar patterns (Caharel et al, 2013 ), N2pc—a component that reflects focus of attention on a potential target during visual search (Cespón et al, 2013 ), LRP—a component that indicates cortical readiness to motor response (Vainio et al, 2014 ), P300—an indicator of cognitive discrimination based on sustained attention and memory mechanisms (Shaikh et al, 2013 ), and ERN—a component that reflects error detection (Arbel and Donchin, 2014 ) etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing Neurocognition via Gamified Experimental Logic: A Novel Approach to Simultaneous Acquisition of Multiple ERPs

et al. 2016

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The present study describes the development of a neurocognitive paradigm: “Assessing Neurocognition via Gamified Experimental Logic” (ANGEL), for performing the parametric evaluation of multiple neurocognitive functions simultaneously. ANGEL employs an audiovisual sensory motor design for the acquisition of multiple event related potentials (ERPs)—the C1, P50, MMN, N1, N170, P2, N2pc, LRP, P300, and ERN. The ANGEL paradigm allows assessment of 10 neurocognitive variables over the course of three “game” levels of increasing complexity ranging from simple passive observation to complex discrimination and response in the presence of multiple distractors. The paradigm allows assessment of several levels of rapid decision making: speeded up response vs. response-inhibition; responses to easy vs. difficult tasks; responses based on gestalt perception of clear vs. ambiguous stimuli; and finally, responses with set shifting during challenging tasks. The paradigm has been tested using 18 healthy participants from both sexes and the possibilities of varied data analyses have been presented in this paper. The ANGEL approach provides an ecologically valid assessment (as compared to existing tools) that quickly yields a very rich dataset and helps to assess multiple ERPs that can be studied extensively to assess cognitive functions in health and disease conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Neurocognition via Gamified Experimental Logic: A Novel Approach to Simultaneous Acquisition of Multiple ERPs

et al. 2016

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“…Importantly, the analysis of SSP parameters show significant evidence for a faster preconscious perceptual encoding speed (ter) and a more caution decision criterion (a) as well as a stronger automatic activation (sd0) and/or a weaker suppression (sdr) in gaze judgment compared to arrow judgment. While non-decision time (ter) is generally thought to represent perceptual encoding of cues and motor preparation for decision (White et al, 2018), some studies have suggested that the effects for arrow and gaze stimuli seen here might reflect an advantage in preconscious perceptual encoding (Alister, McKay, Sewell, & Evans, 2022;Besner et al, 2021;Vainio et al 2014). Consequently, the finding that arrow judgment is more automatic than gaze judgment is not surprising since the perceptual encoding speed of arrow is faster than that of gaze.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

The computational substrates of holistic face processing in cognitive control

WANG,

Nie

2023

Preprint

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Upright faces are considered to be processed more holistically than inverted faces in the face inversion and face composite as well as parts-whole paradigms. However, little is known about whether the holistic face processing is affected by face orientation in the conflict tasks, which computations characterize cognitive control mechanisms of upright and inverted faces in these conflict tasks, and whether the holistic cognitive control mechanism is manifested differentially in determining the direction of arrow and gaze. Here, we address these questions by asking participants to perform a novel arrow-gaze Stroop task including arrow judgment task and gaze judgment task. We show that the congruency effect is ostensibly not affected by the upright or inverted faces in our modified Stroop task. Consistent with previous findings, we find that the magnitude of the congruency effect is larger for gaze than arrow judgment. By conducting a systematic hierarchical Bayesian estimation of three conflict drift-diffusion models (DDMs) – the diffusion model for conflict tasks (DMC), the dual-stage two-phase (DSTP) model and the shrinking spotlight (SSP) model, our study provides the first model-based assessment of holistic face processing-related cognitive control mechanisms. Fits of the models to data reveal a superiority of SSP over DMC and DSTP. The SSP accounts for our findings that 1) holistic face processing only affects the underlying factors in the arrow task instead of ostensible performance, however, part-based processing affects both levels in the gaze task; 2) both shared and dissociable attentional effects exist between eye gaze and arrow stimuli. These results provide valuable evidence of computational substrates in holistic face processing of cognitive control and in social & non-social attentional mechanisms.

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“… 1 Although non-decision time can also represent post-decision motor response, in gaze cueing paradigms we suggest that the most plausible explanation for the cueing paradigms used in this study is that non-decision time would represent attentional selection, which is supported by research showing that gaze cues do not induce automatic motor-response activation ( Vainio et al, 2014 ). …”

mentioning

confidence: 60%

Uncovering the cognitive mechanisms underlying the gaze cueing effect

Alister

McKay

Sewell

et al. 2023

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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The gaze cueing effect is the tendency for people to respond faster to targets appearing at locations gazed at by others compared to locations gazed away from by others. The effect is robust, widely studied, and is an influential finding within social cognition. Formal evidence accumulation models provide the dominant theoretical account of the cognitive processes underlying speeded decision making, but they have rarely been applied to social cognition research. In this study, using a combination of individual-level and hierarchical computational modelling techniques, we applied evidence accumulation models to gaze cueing data (three data sets total, N = 171, 139,001 trials) for the first time to assess the relative capacity that an attentional orienting mechanism and information processing mechanisms have for explaining the gaze cueing effect. We found that most participants were best described by the attentional orienting mechanism, such that response times were slower at gazed away from locations because they had to re-orient to the target before they could process the cue. However, we found evidence for individual differences, whereby the models suggested that some gaze cueing effects were driven by a short allocation of information processing resources to the gazed at location, allowing for a brief period where orienting and processing could occur in parallel. There was exceptionally little evidence to suggest any sustained reallocation of information processing resources neither at the group nor individual level. We discuss how this individual variability might represent credible individual differences in the cognitive mechanisms that subserve behaviourally observed gaze-cueing effects.

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Does gaze cueing produce automatic response activation: A lateralized readiness potential (LRP) study

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Assessing Neurocognition via Gamified Experimental Logic: A Novel Approach to Simultaneous Acquisition of Multiple ERPs

Assessing Neurocognition via Gamified Experimental Logic: A Novel Approach to Simultaneous Acquisition of Multiple ERPs

The computational substrates of holistic face processing in cognitive control

Uncovering the cognitive mechanisms underlying the gaze cueing effect

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