2019
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06166-y
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Does CO2 emissions–economic growth relationship reveal EKC in developing countries? Evidence from Kazakhstan

Abstract: This paper investigates the CO2 emissions–economic growth relationship in Kazakhstan for the period 1992–2013. Johansen, ARDLBT, DOLS, FMOLS, and CCR cointegration methods are used for robustness purpose. We start with the cubic functional form to rule out any misleading results that can be caused by misspecification. Although the estimation results suggest “U”-shaped relationship, the turning point of income is out of the period. It means that the impact of economic growth on CO2 is monotonically increasing i… Show more

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Cited by 70 publications
(34 citation statements)
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“…This suggests the presence of a "U"-shaped relationship between the two environmental measurements and income in the low-income economies in Africa. Following Hasanov et al (2019), to confirm that the results are consistent with what happens in reality, we calculated the turning point using both estimation methods' average results. The estimated turning point value is approximately equal to 5.5.…”
Section: -Results and Discussionsupporting
confidence: 55%
“…This suggests the presence of a "U"-shaped relationship between the two environmental measurements and income in the low-income economies in Africa. Following Hasanov et al (2019), to confirm that the results are consistent with what happens in reality, we calculated the turning point using both estimation methods' average results. The estimated turning point value is approximately equal to 5.5.…”
Section: -Results and Discussionsupporting
confidence: 55%
“…Kazakhstan is a resource-rich economy and relies heavily on its oil, gas, coal, uranium, heavy industry, and agricultural sectors. The petroleum and mining industries accounted for 33% of GDP in 2010 and 82% of exports (Hasanov, Mikayilov, Mukhtarov, & Suleymanov, 2019). Kazakhstan's GDP increased 6.9 times from 24.88 billion USD in 1991 to 170.53 billion USD in 2018.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Belt Road countries were investigated by [110,111], SAARC and ASEAN countries [112], as well as, South Korea [113], Bangladesh [114], Malaysia [115][116][117][118], Indonesia [119][120][121][122][123], Vietnam [124], Taiwan [125], Pakistan [126][127][128][129][130], Kazakhstan [131,132], and Thailand [133]. Not many studies dealing with the African continent [134] investigate the continent, [135] sub-Saharan Africa, [136] Rwanda, [137] Cameron, Nigeria [138], [139] Ethiopia and [140] Tunisia.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%