Does Childhood Television Viewing Lead to Attention Problems in Adolescence? Results From a Prospective Longitudinal Study

Landhuis, C. Erik; Poulton, Richie; Welch, David; Hancox, Robert J.

doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0978

Cited by 164 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Ten articles mentioned an excessive exposure to television and/or video games and this is consistent with the scientific literature (Landhuis, Poulton, Welch, & Hancox, 2007; Weiss, Baer, Allan, Saran, & Schibuk, 2011; Zimmerman & Christakis, 2007). For example Le Monde (3 September 2014) reported: “Several scientifically sound studies have demonstrated that excessive exposure to screens [TV or video games] is linked to attention deficit.” Four articles highlighted the possible risk linked to the excessive consumption of certain food (sugar, colouring, additives), but another article, in agreement with short-term studies (Wolraich, Wilson, & White, 1995), stated that sugar is not a significant risk.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

How French media have portrayed ADHD to the lay public and to social workers

Ponnou

Gonon

2017

International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well

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Two models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) coexist: the biomedical and the psychosocial. We identified in nine French newspapers 159 articles giving facts and opinions about ADHD from 1995 to 2015. We classified them according to the model they mainly supported and on the basis of what argument. Two thirds (104/159) mainly supported the biomedical model. The others either defended the psychodynamic understanding of ADHD or voiced both models. Neurological dysfunctions and genetic risk factors were mentioned in support of the biomedical model in only 26 and eight articles, respectively. These biological arguments were less frequent in the most recent years. There were fewer articles mentioning medication other than asserting that medication must be combined with psychosocial interventions (14 versus 57 articles). Only 11/159 articles claimed that medication protects from school failure. These results were compared to those of our two previous studies. Thus, both French newspapers and the specialized press read by social workers mainly defended either the psychodynamic understanding of ADHD or a nuanced version of the biomedical model. In contrast, most French TV programmes described ADHD as an inherited neurological disease whose consequences on school failure can be counteracted by a very effective medication.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

How French media have portrayed ADHD to the lay public and to social workers

Ponnou

Gonon

2017

International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well

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“…Some of these hypotheses attribute this effect to its violent content (Zimmerman & Christakis, 2007). Other hypotheses attribute this effect to the fast pace of entertainment media (i.e., the frequent use of cuts, edits, and fast character movement; Christakis, 2009;Christakis, Zimmerman, DiGiuseppe, & McCarty, 2004;Geist & Gibson, 2000;Halpern, 1975;Jensen et al, 1997;Landhuis, Poulton, Welch, & Hancox, 2007;Levine & Waite, 2000) or to the overall amount of time children spent consuming media (Christakis, 2009;Zimmerman & Christakis, 2007). Therefore, in this meta-analysis, we included all studies investigating the effect of either violent, fastpaced, or overall screen media use on ADHD-related behaviors.…”

Section: Media Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Often, authors intended to measure one of the ADHD-related behaviors (e.g., attention problems) but included a scale or items of a scale that also tapped other dimensions (e.g., Landhuis et al, 2007;Swing, Gentile, Anderson, & Walsh, 2010;Zimmerman & Christakis, 2007). Consequently, such a measure does not solely reflect the intended behavior.…”

Section: Coding Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis.

Nikkelen¹,

Valkenburg

Huizinga³

et al. 2014

Developmental Psychology

235

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There are several theoretical reasons to believe that media use might be related to attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or ADHD-related behaviors (i.e., attention problems, hyperactivity, and impulsivity). Although studies into the media-ADHD relationship have accumulated, they have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we still do not know whether children's media use and ADHD-related behaviors are related and, if so, under which conditions. To fill this gap in the literature, we first identified 6 different hypotheses that may explain why media use in general and viewing fast-paced or violent media content might be related to 1 or more ADHD-related behaviors. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis of 45 empirical studies investigating the relationship between media use and ADHDrelated behaviors in children and adolescents. Our results indicated a small significant relationship between media use and ADHD-related behaviors (r ϩ ϭ .12). Finally, we identified several specific gaps in the existing literature and presented 5 crucial directions for future research. Keywords: ADHD, attention problems, hyperactivity, impulsivity, media useIn the past four decades, children's media entertainment (e.g., cartoons, TV shows, and computer games) has changed significantly. It has become more fast-paced, violent, and arousing (Allen, Livingstone, & Reiner, 1998;Bushman, Jamieson, Weitz, & Romer, 2013;Koolstra, van Zanten, Lucassen, & Ishaak, 2004), and it has become abundantly accessible to ever younger children. These same four decades have also witnessed a significant increase in the diagnosis rate of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Akinbami, Liu, Pastor, & Reuben, 2011;Kelleher, McInerny, Gardner, Childs, & Wasserman, 2000;Visser et al., 2014). ADHD is a behavioral disorder characterized by a cluster of three symptoms: attention problems, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th The parallel between changes occurring in children's media environment and ADHD diagnosis rates have led to a concern among some authors that use of media entertainment may influence ADHD-related behaviors (e.g., Christakis, 2009;Jensen et al., 1997;Nigg, 2006;Sigman, 2007). Although studies into the relationship between children's media use and ADHD-related behaviors have accumulated, they have yielded mixed results (also see Kirkorian, Wartella, & Anderson, 2008;Schmidt & Vandewater, 2008). It is essential to gain more understanding of the media-ADHD relationship in order to design adequate prevention and intervention strategies aimed at children displaying behavioral problems. To date, no attempt has been made to integrate the inconsistent findings in the current literature using meta-analysis. To fill this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship between the use of screen entertainment media (i.e., television viewing and video game playing) and ADHD-related behaviors in children or adolescents under the age of 18.For this ...

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“…1 Exposure to television (TV) and videos before 3 years of age is associated with later problems with language development, [2][3][4] cognition, 5 attention, 6,7 executive functioning, 8 and school achievement. 9 These effects may be more pronounced in lowincome populations, where high media exposure is more prevalent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Self-Regulation and Early Childhood Media Exposure

et al. 2014

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Several studies suggest that excessive media use in early childhood predicts poorer developmental outcomes. It has not been studied whether infants with self-regulation problems, who may be at higher developmental risk, develop excessive media use habits. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study shows that infants and toddlers with self-regulation difficulties (ie, problems with selfsoothing, sleep, emotional regulation, and attention) view more media at 2 years of age, independent of other important confounders.abstract OBJECTIVES: Examine prospective associations between parentreported early childhood self-regulation problems and media exposure (television and video viewing) at 2 years. We hypothesized that children with poor self-regulation would consume more media, possibly as a parent coping strategy. METHODS:We used data from 7450 children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort. When children were 9 months and 2 years old, parents completed the Infant Toddler Symptom Checklist (ITSC), a validated scale of self-regulation. With daily media use at 2 years as our outcome, we conducted weighted multivariable regression analyses, controlling for child, maternal, and household characteristics. RESULTS:Children watched an average of 2.3 hours per day (SD 1.9) of media at age 2 years. Infants with poor self-regulation (9-month ITSC score $3) viewed 0.23 hour per day (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.35) more media at 2 years compared with those with 9-month ITSC score of 0 to 2; this remained significant in adjusted models (0.15 hour per day [95% CI 0.02-0.28]). Children rated as having persistent self-regulation problems (ITSC $3 at both 9 months and 2 years) were even more likely to consume media at age 2 (adjusted b 0.21 hour per day [95% CI 0.03-0.39]; adjusted odds ratio for .2 hours per day 1.40 [95% CI 1.14-1.71]). These associations were slightly stronger in low socioeconomic status and English-speaking households.

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Does Childhood Television Viewing Lead to Attention Problems in Adolescence? Results From a Prospective Longitudinal Study

Cited by 164 publications

References 24 publications

How French media have portrayed ADHD to the lay public and to social workers

How French media have portrayed ADHD to the lay public and to social workers

Media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis.

Infant Self-Regulation and Early Childhood Media Exposure

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