Does bilingualism increase brain or cognitive reserve in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy?

Reyes, Anny; Paul, Brianna M.; Marshall, Amy; Chang, Yu‐Hsuan; Bahrami, Naeim; Kansal, Leena; Iragui, Vicente J.; Tecoma, Evelyn S.; Gollan, Tamar H.; McDonald, Carrie R.

doi:10.1111/epi.14072

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Despite the fact that all these studies report worse preserved brain in bilinguals compared to monolinguals, both in terms of grey and white matter structure (Duncan, Nikelski, Pilon, Steffener, Chertkow & Phillips, 2018;Gold, Kim, Johnson, Kryscio & Smith, 2013;Schweizer, Ware, Fischer, Craik & Bialystok, 2012), in all cases the bilingual groups matched or even outperformed the monolingual groups in cognitive tests, suggesting more efficient recruitment of the spared brain tissue in the former group. It is worth mentioning that a similar pattern (i.e., higher diffusivity but equal cognitive abilities) has also been reported in bilingual patients with temporal lobe epilepsy when compared to monolinguals matched on diagnosis (Reyes, Paul, Marshall, Chang, Bahrami, Kansal, Iragui, Tecoma, Gollan & McDonald, 2018). However, and despite some behavioural evidence, little is known about how bilingualism interacts with other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, Primary Progressive Aphasia and Multiple Sclerosis (for a review, see Voits, Robson, Rothman & Pliatsikas, in preparation); for example, a recent study with bilingual patients with Huntington's disease showed that the amount of usage of two languages predicted higher GM volume in the right IFG, although in the absence of a control group it is hard to tell whether this is a generic effect of bilingualism or an effect specific to this patient group (Martínez-Horta, Moreu, Perez-Perez, Sampedro, Horta-Barba, Pagonabarraga, Gomez-Anson, Lozano-Martinez, Lopez-Mora, Camacho, Fernández-León, Carrió & Kulisevsky, 2018).…”

Section: Bilingualism and Disease-related Neurodegenerationsupporting

confidence: 69%

Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The Dynamic Restructuring Model

2019

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Research on the effects of bi- and multi-lingualism on brain structure has so far yielded variable patterns. Although it cannot be disputed that learning and using additional languages restructures grey (cortical, subcortical and cerebellar) and white matter in the brain, both increases and reductions in regional volume and diffusivity have been reported. This paper revisits the available evidence from simultaneous and sequential bilinguals, multilinguals, interpreters, bimodal bilinguals, children, patients and healthy older adults from the perspective of experience-based neuroplasticity. The Dynamic Restructuring Model (DRM) is then presented: a three-stage model accounting for, and reinterpreting, all the available evidence by proposing a time-course for the reported structural adaptations, and by suggesting that these adaptations are dynamic and depend on the quantity and quality of the language learning and switching experience. This is followed by suggestions for future directions for the emerging field of bilingualism-induced neuroplasticity.

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Section: Bilingualism and Disease-related Neurodegenerationsupporting

confidence: 69%

Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The Dynamic Restructuring Model

2019

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“…Learning another language was identified as contributing to cognitive reserve, mainly in relation to overall cognitive function. It was observed that learning another language has an impact on brain structure, in that people need to select a language or communicate, which involves executive function capacity, cognitive control, and cognitive flexibility (Dasha et al, 2017;Reyes et al, 2018). In addition, it can be considered that this activity protects against symptoms of dementia in older adults (Bialystok et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Components of an indirect cognitive reserve: a longitudinal assessment of community-dwelling older adults

Farina

Lima

Machado

et al. 2020

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

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Cognitive reserve enables individuals to preserve their cognition, despite a possible underlying brain pathology. The objective was to verify which components contribute to an indirect measurement of cognitive reserve in older adults, assessed longitudinally within a four-year interval. The sample was comprised of 64 older adults from the community. The following instruments were used: sociodemographic form; Mini-Mental State Examination; subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -Third Edition; Trail Making Test; Verbal Fluency Test (animal category); Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test; Beck Anxiety Inventory; and the Geriatric Depression Scale 15-item version. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed for the data analysis. The sample was predominantly composed of women (81.3%) and the mean age of the sample was 73.19 years (SD = 6.12). With respect to the variables related to cognitive reserve, it was found that anxiety was the predictor variable of more cognitive components: It was found that poorer cognitive performance is associated with anxiety, and this variable is negatively related to cognitive reserve, as well as to the age variable. Engaging in cognitively stimulating activities, education level and living with someone were deemed to be factors that help build cognitive reserve in older adults.

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“…Major white matter tracts across the brain were labeled using the well-established probabilistic fiber tract atlas, AtlasTrack (Gustavson et al, 2019; Hagler et al, 2009; Hagler et al, 2019; Kaestner et al, 2020; Reyes et al, 2018; Ursache et al, 2016). More specifically, subjects’ T1-weighted MRI images were first registered nonlinearly to the atlas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

White matter microstructure shows sex differences in late childhood: Evidence from 6,797 children

Lawrence

Abaryan

Laltoo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Sex differences in white matter microstructure have been robustly demonstrated in the adult brain using both conventional and advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) approaches. However, the effect of sex on white matter microstructure prior to adulthood remains poorly understood, with previous developmental work focusing on conventional microstructure metrics and yielding mixed results. Here we thoroughly and rigorously characterized sex differences in white matter microstructure among over 6,000 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study who were between 9 and 10 years old. Microstructure was quantified using both the conventional model - diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) - and an advanced model, restriction spectrum imaging (RSI). DTI metrics included fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean, axial, and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD). RSI metrics included normalized isotropic, directional, and total intracellular diffusion (N0, ND, NT). We found significant and replicable sex differences in DTI or RSI microstructure metrics in every white matter region examined across the brain. The impact of sex on FA was regionally specific. Across white matter regions, boys exhibited greater MD, AD, and RD than girls, on average. Girls displayed increased N0, ND, and NT compared to boys, on average, suggesting greater cell and neurite density in girls. Together, these robust and replicable findings provide an important foundation for understanding sex differences in health and disease.

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Does bilingualism increase brain or cognitive reserve in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy?

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The Dynamic Restructuring Model

Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The Dynamic Restructuring Model

Components of an indirect cognitive reserve: a longitudinal assessment of community-dwelling older adults

White matter microstructure shows sex differences in late childhood: Evidence from 6,797 children

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