Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and time at achievement of gross motor milestones in healthy infants: a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Agostoni, Carlo; Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo; Radaelli, Giovanni; Besana, Roberto; Podestà, Alberto; Sterpa, A; Rottoli, A.; Riva, Enrica; Giovannini, Marcello

doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26590

Cited by 37 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…These data may indicate that effects at younger ages may be too subtle to detect with smaller sample sizes. Supplementation with LC-PUFA in term infants shortened the time to achieving a milestone of motor development (sitting without support) [88]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop

et al. 2014

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The Early Nutrition Academy supported a systematic review of human studies on the roles of pre- and postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) published from 2008 to 2013 and an expert workshop that reviewed the information and developed recommendations, considering particularly Asian populations. An increased supply of n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women should achieve an additional supply ≥200 mg docosahexaenic acid (DHA)/day, usually achieving a total intake ≥300 mg DHA/day. Higher intakes (600-800 mg DHA/day) may provide greater protection against early preterm birth. Some studies indicate beneficial effects of pre- and postnatal DHA supply on child neurodevelopment and allergy risk. Breast-feeding is the best choice for infants. Breast-feeding women should get ≥200 mg DHA/day to achieve a human milk DHA content of ∼0.3% fatty acids. Infant formula for term infants should contain DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) to provide 100 mg DHA/day and 140 mg AA/day. A supply of 100 mg DHA/day should continue during the second half of infancy. We do not provide quantitative advice on AA levels in follow-on formula fed after the introduction of complimentary feeding due to a lack of sufficient data and considerable variation in the AA amounts provided by complimentary foods. Reasonable intakes for very-low-birth weight infants are 18-60 mg/kg/day DHA and 18-45 mg/kg/day AA, while higher intakes (55-60 mg/kg/day DHA, ∼1% fatty acids; 35-45 mg/kg/day AA, ∼0.6-0.75%) appear preferable. Research on the requirements and effects of LC-PUFA during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood should continue.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop

et al. 2014

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“…Section 5.1.2.2 reports indications on the levels of preformed DHA in the diet of infants. While 20 mg per day seem to represent the lowest limit of intake in the first six months through human milk (Marangoni et al, 2000) and may partly affect the timing of developmental milestones in the first 12 months (Agostoni et al, 2009), 50 to 100 mg per day have been found effective for the visual function during the subsequent complementary feeding period (Birch et al, 2007;EFSA 2009). …”

Section: Nervous System Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results from trials in formula fed infants are more divergent, and could be partly related to un-investigated covariates such as infants" DHA status at birth and the individual genetic background (Simmer et al, 2008). DHA supplementation through the complementary feeding period seems still effective in improving the neuro-functional and visual performance (Birch et al, 2007;Agostoni et al, 2009). Section 5.1.2.2 reports indications on the levels of preformed DHA in the diet of infants.…”

Section: Nervous System Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol

Publication¹

2010

EFS2

624

263

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This Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) deals with the setting of Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for fats. A lower bound of the reference intake range for total fat of 20 energy % (E%) and an upper bound of 35 E% are proposed. Fat intake in infants can gradually be reduced from 40 E% in the 6-12 month period to 35-40 E% in the 2 nd and 3 rd year of life. For specific fatty acids the following is proposed: saturated fatty acid (SFA) and trans fatty acid intake should be as low as possible; not to set any DRV for cis-monounsaturated fatty acids; not to formulate a DRV for the intake of total cispolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); not to set specific values for the n-3/n-6 ratio; to set an Adequate Intake (AI) of 4 E% for linoleic acid (LA); not to set any DRV for arachidonic acid; not to set an UL for total or any of the n-6 PUFA; to set an AI for alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) of 0.5 E%; not to set an UL for ALA; to set an AI of 250 mg for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for adults; to set an AI of 100 mg DHA for infants (>6 months) and young children <24 months; to increase by 100-200 mg preformed DHA in addition to the AI for adults as an adequate supply of n-3 long chain PUFA during pregnancy and lactation; not to set any DRV for conjugated linoleic acid. For cholesterol it was decided not to propose a reference value beside the limitation on the intake of SFA.

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“…Different dietary backgrounds and age periods have been examined. Recent studies on LC-PUFA-supplemented infants over relatively long age periods point to a strong decrease in LC-PUFA synthesis with age (Carnielli et al, 2007;Agostoni et al, 2009), whereas the DINO study suggests an effective n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis when dietary intake is low but n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in complementary feeding is favorable (Schwartz et al, 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consumption of meat increased AA concentration in the blood of formula-fed but not of breastfed infants (Luukkainen et al, 1996), whereas consumption of egg yolk increased the DHA concentration (Makrides et al, 2002;Hoffman et al, 2004). LC-PUFA status was significantly higher when LC-PUFAs were supplemented than without supplementation (Carnielli et al, 2007), and resulted in earlier sitting without help at the end of the first year of life (Agostoni et al, 2009). In addition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PUFA and LC-PUFA intake during the first year of life: can dietary practice achieve a guideline diet?

et al. 2009

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Background: An appropriate supply of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) during early childhood may enhance cognitive development. Little attention is paid to the fatty acid (FA) supply during the complementary feeding period. We examined the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and LC-PUFAs pattern in dietary practice of two study groups and evaluated the results against the present Dietary Guidelines in Germany. Methods: The food consumption and FA pattern of dietary practice in subjects from two prospective studies (n ¼ 102 and n ¼ 184, respectively) at the age of 3, 6 and 9 months was assessed by weighed diet records, and changes during the first year of life were compared with the food-based dietary guidelines for the first year of life. Results: Dietary practice in the complementary feeding period was clearly dominated by commercial food products. The FA composition in dietary practice was different from the Guideline Diet and the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs was less favorable. Consumption of breast milk or formula was still of major importance for the intake of LC-PUFAs in the complementary feeding period. Conclusion: LC-PUFAs are predominantly provided by breast milk and formula during the first year of life and consequently decrease when milk consumption decreases. For compensation, commercial complementary food might come closer to the Guideline Diet by lowering the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio through appropriate vegetable oil along with an increase in total fat content up to the legal limit.

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Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and time at achievement of gross motor milestones in healthy infants: a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Cited by 37 publications

References 33 publications

Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop

Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol

PUFA and LC-PUFA intake during the first year of life: can dietary practice achieve a guideline diet?

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