Do Thyroid Ultrasonographic Features Change According to Age in Euthyroid Dogs?

Müller, Thiago Rinaldi; Assis, Murilo M.; Doiche, Danuta Pulz; Souza, Leonardo Perez de; Pizzigatti, Dietrich; Mamprim, Maria Jaqueline

doi:10.1111/ahe.12097

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Among domestic animals, thyroid US is commonly performed in dogs with suspected primary hypothyroidism or thyroid cancer [3] and in cats with hyperthyroidism [4]. In these companion animals, ultrasonographic anatomy and features of the diseases of the aforementioned glands are widely described [5][6][7]. Sonographic examination of the normal thyroid was also reported in cattle, horses and even dolphins [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

et al. 2020

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Ultrasonographic examination of the normal thyroid and parathyroid glands has been described for humans and many animal species. However, similar reports for goats are still missing. The aim of the study was to present ultrasound features of the normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats with the determination of their dimensions and volume, followed by a comparison of the results to the gross examination. Seventy-two goats were used in the study. The echostructure and echogenicity of the thyroid and parathyroid glands were assessed. The length, width and height of the thyroid and the length and width of the parathyroid glands were measured. The thyroid volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula, basing on the ultrasonographic dimensions. Size and volume of the dissected thyroid glands were established grossly, followed by a histological examination. In order to accurately describe the anatomy of the thyroid, new anatomical terminology characterizing this gland was proposed. The mean dimensions of the thyroid lobes were 30.2 x 10.5 x 6.3 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left lobe. Parathyroid glands measured an average of 3.6 x 2.4 mm. The percentage Root Mean Square Error between the results of ultrasonographic and gross examination was 16.73%, 20.65% and 17.01% for thyroid length, width and height, respectively, and 46.30% for volume. In order to obtain more precise calculation of the thyroid volume, a modified correction factor for the ellipsoid formula was introduced. For the first time, the normal ultrasonographic characteristics and dimensions of the caprine thyroid and internal parathyroid glands were presented. The results may serve as a radiological reference and be the basis for further research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

et al. 2020

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“…A next step for us was to compare in the present study, the in-vivo US measurement with post-mortem data of the same animals. These in vivo and post-mortem comparison was also used to assess the accuracy of the mathematical formulas that are used in the literature to calculate thyroid gland volume and weight, based on measurement made in three dimensions with US [ 7 , 9 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thyroid volume was estimated using the formulae previously validated in humans (a) [ 7 ], dogs (a) [ 9 ] and goats (b) [ 29 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…US is the favorite ancillary examination for assessing the structure of the thyroid gland [6]. It is systematically used in human [6][7][8] and pet medicine [9][10][11], when thyroid disease is suspected. There are many conditions that can be detected by US examination, ranging from diffuse diseases such as chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) or Grave's diseases, to lesions in the thyroid parenchyma such as cysts or nodules [6][7][8]12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From ultrasound to microscopy: Actualities in thyroid investigation in cattle

Eppe,

Raguet,

Petrossians

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Thyroid ultrasonography examination is widely used in human and small animal medicine. However, it has rarely been applied in cattle. The aim of this study was to determine whether the measurements of the thyroid gland by ultrasound examination correlate to those taken during post-mortem examination. A sample of 22 cows and 23 calves was selected for thyroid gland evaluation. An ultrasound scan was performed ante-mortem, followed by euthanasia (for medical reasons) or slaughtered in the food chain and the dissection of the thyroid gland was therefore performed. Post-mortem, the gland was weighed and its dimensions and volume measured. The volume and weight measurements were compared with the predicted ones on US using the formulas available in the literature. Finally, histological examination was performed on thyroid glands. The dimensions of the thyroid gland measured by ultrasonography were significantly different (p<0.05) from those observed post-mortem, except for lobe lengths in calves (p>0.1). However, in calves, there was no systematic bias between the ultrasound and post-mortem examination of the thyroid gland, which were concordant (with an average error of 18%). Cystic lesions were observed on ultrasound in 9/22 cows and could be found on histological examination in 7 of these. Other lesions, such as follicular hypoplasia and hyperplasia, were seen on histological examination but not on ultrasound. Although the ultrasound measurements did not significantly correlate with those taken post-mortem, this examination may allow to differentiate non-standard thyroids in the case of hyperplastic goiter, as demonstrated in other species. This study also describes and illustrates interesting lesions of the thyroid gland in cattle. These findings are innovative in the description of the use of thyroid ultrasound in cattle, although further studies are needed to allow deeper conclusions.

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“…The same TU method is used in dogs and cats, with differences in size, shape and echogenicity of the thyroid depending on breed, size and age of the animal [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. In dogs, ultrasound has a 98% sensitivity in detecting hypothyroidism when the thyroid volume measurement is combined with its TU pattern [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Validation of Ultrasound Assessment of the Thyroid Gland in Cattle

Eppe

Pétrossians

Busoni

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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Little is known about thyroid diseases in ruminants, probably due to the lack of diagnosis techniques developed in this species. However, thyroid ultrasound (TU) is widely used in human and in companion animal’s medicine. It is a cheap and non-invasive examination, which allows for the identification of thyroid structures or diffuse diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of TU in five calves and five cows through inter- and intra-observer repeatability. The size of the thyroid gland was measured from three views: left sagittal, right sagittal and transverse; nine measurements per view. The intra-observer coefficient was calculated for each observer. For the inter-observer, the first observer was a board-certified imagist (European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging diplomate), the second was a board-certified specialist in bovine and herd management (European College of Bovine Health Managementdiplomate) and the third was an in-trained veterinarian for the TU. They each scanned the thyroid gland successively, following the same method. The intra-observer variabilities for observers 1, 2 and 3 were 8.22%, 5.53%, 5.38%, and 7.18%, 8.65% and 6.36%, respectively, for calves and cows. The inter-observer variability for calves was 10.4% and for cows, 11.8%. This study confirms the feasibility of repeatable intra- and inter-observer TU-estimated measurements in cattle.

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Do Thyroid Ultrasonographic Features Change According to Age in Euthyroid Dogs?

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

From ultrasound to microscopy: Actualities in thyroid investigation in cattle

Technical Validation of Ultrasound Assessment of the Thyroid Gland in Cattle

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