Do the Genetic or Environmental Determinants of Anxiety and Depression Change with Age? A Longitudinal Study of Australian Twins

Gillespie, Nathan A.; Kirk, Katherine M.; Evans, David M.; Heath, Andrew C.; Hickie, Ian B.; Martin, Nicholas G.

doi:10.1375/twin.7.1.39

Twin res.

2004

DOI: 10.1375/twin.7.1.39

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Do the Genetic or Environmental Determinants of Anxiety and Depression Change with Age? A Longitudinal Study of Australian Twins

Nathan A. Gillespie¹,

Katherine M. Kirk

David M. Evans

et al.

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Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 87 publications

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“…This can be a valuable strategy in genetic association studies on anxiety and depression, as genetic factors influencing these symptoms appear to be moderately stable from childhood to at least 20 years of age Kendler et al 2008). Longitudinal studies in adults also show that stability in anxiety and depression is largely attributable to genetic factors (Gillespie et al 2004;Nes et al 2007;Rijsdijk et al 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety and depression in children and adults: influence of serotonergic and neurotrophic genes?

Middeldorp

Landt

Medland

et al. 2010

Genes Brain and Behavior

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There are two major hypotheses regarding the etiology of anxiety and depression: the mono-amine hypothesis and the hypothesis of an abnormal stress response acting partly via reduced neurogenesis. Association studies have focused on genes involved in these processes, but with inconclusive results. This study investigated the effect of 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding for serotonin receptors 1A, 1D, 2A, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), tryptophane hydroxylase type 2 (TPH2), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), PlexinA2 and regulators of G-protein-coupled signaling (RGS) 2, 4, 16. Anxious depression (A/D) symptoms were assessed five times in 11 years in over 11 000 adults with 1504 subjects genotyped and at age 7, 10, 12 and during adolescence in over 20 000 twins with 1078 subjects genotyped. In both cohorts, a longitudinal model with one latent factor loading on all A/D measures over time was analysed. The genetic association effect modeled at the level of this latent factor was 60% and 70% heritable in the children and adults, respectively, and explained around 50% of the total phenotypic variance. Power analyses showed that the samples contained 80% power to detect an effect explaining between 1.4% and 3.6% of the variance. However, no SNP showed a consistent effect on A/D. To conclude, this longitudinal study in children and adults found no association of SNPs in the serotonergic system or core regulators of neurogenesis with A/D. Overall, there has been no convincing evidence, so far, for a role of genetic variation in these pathways in the development of anxiety and depression.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety and depression in children and adults: influence of serotonergic and neurotrophic genes?

Middeldorp

Landt

Medland

et al. 2010

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Pathological Gambling Symptoms in a 10-Year Follow-Up

et al. 2007

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Problem (P) and pathological gambling (PG) symptoms wax and wane. Past symptoms are a risk for future symptoms even after controlling for familial influences. To address the genetic architecture of lifetime PG and current PG symptoms, we tested for common and unique genetic factors to lifetime PG symptoms at baseline and past year PG symptoms at 10-year follow-up. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., Rev.; DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) lifetime criteria of one or more PG symptoms were derived in 1992 and past year PG symptoms in 2002 from 1675 individual twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Cholesky decomposition models were fit to baseline and past year PG symptoms. Under the best fitting model we observed that 49% of the risk for one or more baseline PG symptoms in 1992 was due to a genetic factor and 51% of the risk was due to a unique environmental factor. All of the genetic variance (57.5%) in risk to past year PG symptoms in 2002 was common with baseline PG symptoms. Unique environment accounted for the remaining variance in past year PG symptoms with 13% common to baseline and 30% specific to past year PG symptoms. The genetic contributions to lifetime and past year gambling symptoms 10 years later are similar. There is no evidence for genetic contributions unique to past year PG symptoms. However, most of the unique environmental influences to past year PG are not shared with lifetime PG. This may reflect the changed social–cultural environment between 1992 and 2002, characterized by increasing access to legalized gambling.

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Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Young Adults: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Stability and Change

Nes¹,

Røysamb

Reichborn‐Kjennerud

et al. 2007

Twin Res Hum Genet

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Etiological factors for stability and change in symptoms of anxiety and depression, including sex differences, are largely unexplored in young adults. Using biometric modeling and two-wave longitudinal data from 4393 Norwegian twins aged 18 to 31 we explored (i) heritabilities of symptoms of anxiety and depression, (ii) effects of genetic and environmental factors on the stability and change of such symptoms, and (iii) sex-specific effects. The phenotypic cross-time correlations for symptoms of anxiety and depression were estimated to .54 and .49 for males and females, respectively. The best fitting longitudinal model specified additive genetic and individual environmental influences and emerging effects from the shared environment for females only. For both males and females, long-term stability was mainly attributable to stable additive genetic factors, whereas change was essentially related to environmental influences. Minor time-specific genetic effects were indicated, and some stable variance was due to the individual environment. Additive genetic risk factors explained 87% and 68% of the phenotypic cross-time correlation for males and females, with the unique environment accounting for the remaining covariance. The results provide strong evidence for the temporal stability of genetic risk factors for symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adults, and substantial sex-specific influences on heritability, stability and change.

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Do the Genetic or Environmental Determinants of Anxiety and Depression Change with Age? A Longitudinal Study of Australian Twins

Cited by 5 publications

References 87 publications

Anxiety and depression in children and adults: influence of serotonergic and neurotrophic genes?

Anxiety and depression in children and adults: influence of serotonergic and neurotrophic genes?

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Pathological Gambling Symptoms in a 10-Year Follow-Up

Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Young Adults: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Stability and Change

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