Do School-Based Interventions Focusing on Physical Activity, Fitness, or Fundamental Movement Skill Competency Produce a Sustained Impact in These Outcomes in Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review of Follow-Up Studies

Abstract

It is likely that PA is a sustainable outcome from interventions in children and adolescents, and there is reasonable evidence that interventions of longer than 1 year and interventions that utilize a theoretical model or framework are effective in producing this sustained impact. It would seem probable that FMS are a sustainable outcome in children and adolescents; however, this finding should be viewed with caution given the lack of studies and the risk of bias assessment. More research is needed to assess the sustainability of fitness interventions as this review only included a handful of studies that addressed fitness and only one of these studies found a sustained impact.

Influences of gender and socioeconomic status on the motor proficiency of children in the UK

“…Running Head: Motor proficiency of children in the UK 14 Whilst the relationship between the mastery of FMS and participation in physical activity remains inconclusive (Lai et al, 2014), there is sufficient evidence from longitudinal studies (Jaakkola & Washington, 2013) to suspect a relationship that consequently heightens the importance of movement in children's ability to access a range of physical activity experiences. The current findings suggest that teachers, sports coaches and physical activity specialists need to concentrate on movement-based approaches in their delivery and differentiate practice for different genders, particularly in the development of gross motor skills.…”

“…The appropriate development of movement skills is regarded as a crucial platform for a child's participation in lifelong physical activity (Barnett et al, 2009), although the exact nature of this relationship has been contested (Lai et al, 2014). Furthermore, Seefeldt (1980) hypothesised that failure to develop a certain level of movement competence could result in a motor proficiency barrier, leading to a child's exclusion from a range of physical activities.…”

Long-Term Athletic Development- Part 1

“…Early exposure to resistance training is supported by research, which shows that muscular strength development from resistance training can enhance physical performance (29), improve markers of health and well-being (such as insulinsensitivity (47) and levels of adiposity (8)) in active and inactive youth, and reduce the risk of sports-related injury ( 17,35,38,55). Additionally, movement skill competency is associated with physical activity engagement and improved measures of health and well-being in both normal and over-weight/obese youth (11,28,32). Therefore, practitioners should view the central philosophies of the YPD model as appropriate for all youth irrespective of their level of partic-ipation in organized sport or recreational physical activity.…”

Long-Term Athletic Development, Part 2

“…For example, an examination of the national curricula for physical education within the United Kingdom shows that there is minimal reference to ageappropriate motor skill development and resistance training for school children, especially for primary school education. Furthermore, in the United Kingdom, it is recognized that primary school teachers are poorly prepared through their ( 51), of appropriately prescribed physical development intervenand it has been suggested that the statutory requirements for tions on the health and fitness of youth (29,54,62), it would physical education have often not been achieved ( 51). It seem that existing education structures require a dramatic would seem that limited subject knowledge is often the prioverhaul to enhance their capacity to reverse the cascading mary explanation for inadequate standards of physical edueffects of physical inactivity and its associated negative cation teaching in primary schools within the United health outcomes ( 3 2,130).…”