Do Probiotics Improve the Health Status of Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus? A Review on Outcomes of Clinical Trials

Abstract

Probiotics are now considered as an adjuvant and complementary therapeutic agent for several health complications, especially for metabolic and gastrointestinal disorders because of the influential impact of probiotic consumption on gut microbiota and immunity. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is fourth, in noncommunicable disease category, leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and economic crises in the world. Though several progressions are added in the medical field in recent decades, the treatment and management of diabetic-related health issues are still challenging. The present study summarizes the effects of probiotic supplementation on the health status of diabetic patients. The relevant information was collected from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The detailed literature survey revealed that the consumption of probiotic supplementation significantly improved the overall health condition of diabetic patients. Especially, the probiotic intervention improved the fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and systemic inflammatory and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. Moreover, improvement of gut microbial composition and prevention of bacterial translocation has also been observed in probiotic-supplemented T2D people. Some of the studies evidenced that the supplementation of probiotics can prevent and improve the gestational DM. Nevertheless, some of the studies reported negative results and limitations in the results of clinical trials. However, further studies are mandatory to develop a concrete probiotic-based adjuvant treatment procedure to treat DM.

Akkermansia muciniphila is Negatively Correlated with Hemoglobin A1c in Refractory Diabetes

“…Probiotics including certain genera of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are currently commonly used as human nutrition supplements and meet the goal of a positive effect on human health. In T2D patients, probiotic supplements have been widely studied, and several trials have demonstrated that probiotic intervention could improve fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and insulin sensitivity [ 56 , 57 ]. As a promising probiotic, A. muciniphila is also currently under investigation for use in various diseases, including diabetes [ 41 , 58 , 59 ].…”

Therapeutic, Prophylactic, and Functional Use of Probiotics: A Current Perspective

“…Furthermore, a high-caloric diet was proven to have a negative influence on the gut microbiota by lowering the glucose tolerance and by increasing inflammation and intestinal permeability ( Bagarolli et al, 2017 ). Kesika et al (2019) explained that the overall efficacy of RCTs is not clear, due to some limitations, which include sample size, preparation of supplements, monitoring of intervention, sampling strategies, inconsistency in measurements, and questionnaire biasness. Authors stressed that further well-designed studies are required to understand the link between the role of the microbiome, the interaction of probiotics with the host microbiota, and the glycemic control.…”

Prevention of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes by Reducing Low-Grade Inflammation in High-Risk Categories

“…The F/B ratio was significantly and positively correlated with reduced glucose tolerance ( 29 – 31 ). Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation had beneficent effects in T2DM by improving glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin levels, Homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) ( 32 , 33 ). Probiotics play immunomodulatory roles by downregulating LGI levels, skewing pro-inflammatory macrophages toward a pro-restorative phenotype, increasing the Treg/Th17 ratio, and promoting interferon (IFN) γ-producing Th-1 lymphocytes [reviewed in ( 33 , 34 )].…”