Do Palisade Endings in Extraocular Muscles Arise from Neurons in the Motor Nuclei?

Lienbacher, Karoline; Mustari, Michael J.; Ying, Howard S.; Büttner‐Ennever, Jean A.; Horn, Anja K. E.

doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6008

Cited by 48 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…[18][19][20] Combining anterograde tracer labeling and molecular analyses, we demonstrated that axons supplying palisade endings established several motor contacts alongside the muscle fibers in a manner equal to that of en grappe motor terminals on MIFs. 20 These findings strongly suggest that palisade endings arise from MIF motoneurons in the EOM motor nuclei although receptors for cholinergic transmission have not been found in palisade endings so far with the exception of rabbit and rat.…”

Section: Developmental Support For a Mif Motoneuronpalisade Ending Comentioning

confidence: 88%

Palisade Endings of Extraocular Muscles Develop Postnatally Following Different Time Courses

Blumer¹,

Streicher

Carrizosa

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. To analyze in a frontal-eyed mammal (cat) the postnatal development of palisade endings in extraocular muscles (EOMs) and to compare the spatiotemporal and quantitative patterns of palisade endings among individual rectus muscles. METHODS.Cats of different ages ranging from birth to adult stage were studied. EOM wholemount preparations were fluorescently labeled using six combinations of triple staining and analyzed in the confocal laser scanning microscope. RESULTS.Palisade endings developed postnatally and passed in each rectus muscle through the same, three developmental steps but in a heterochronic sequence and to a different final density per muscle. Specifically, palisade ending development was first completed in the medial rectus and later in the inferior, lateral, and superior rectus. The highest density of palisade endings was observed in the medial rectus and the lowest in the lateral rectus whereas values for the inferior and superior rectus were in between. Palisade endings expressed high levels of growth associated protein 43 during development and were supplied by axons that established motor terminals.CONCLUSIONS. Cats open their eyes 7 to 10 days after birth and later develop a complex threedimensional visuomotor climbing and jumping behavior depending on accurate binocular vision and fine tuning of the ocular movements. Our findings indicate that palisade ending development correlates with important landmarks in visuomotor behavior and provide support for our previous notion that palisade endings play an important role for convergence eye movements in frontal-eyed species.

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Section: Developmental Support For a Mif Motoneuronpalisade Ending Comentioning

confidence: 88%

Palisade Endings of Extraocular Muscles Develop Postnatally Following Different Time Courses

Blumer¹,

Streicher

Carrizosa

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…Because these two sets of experiments were performed in different species with known differences in the eye proprioceptive system (e.g., extraocular muscle spindles are absent in the monkey but present in humans; Donaldson, 2000), interspecies differences could have been responsible for the apparent contradiction between their conclusions. Another possible source of discrepancy is the concern that in the experiment by Lewis et al (1998), despite the bilateral section of the trigeminal nerves, sufficient proprioceptive input could reach the CNS via the oculomotor nuclei, which have recently been suggested to receive sensory input from the pallisade endings (Lienbacher et al, 2011). The current experiment tested in the same subjects how visual localization is affected by both the conflict between the proprioceptive inflow and the efference copy (e.g., by comparing the baseline and the push condition) as well as by the reduction in the proprioceptive afference (e.g., by comparing the patient and the healthy group).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Proprioception Used for Visual Localization Only If in Conflict with the Oculomotor Plan

Balslev¹,

Himmelbach²,

Karnath³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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Both the corollary discharge of the oculomotor command and eye muscle proprioception provide eye position information to the brain. Two contradictory models have been suggested about how these two sources contribute to visual localization: (1) only the efference copy is used whereas proprioception is a slow recalibrator of the forward model, and (2) both signals are used together as a weighted average. We had the opportunity to test these hypotheses in a patient (R.W.) with a circumscribed lesion of the right postcentral gyrus that overlapped the human eye proprioceptive representation. R.W. was as accurate and precise as the control group (n ϭ 19) in locating a lit LED that she viewed through the eye contralateral to the lesion. However, when the task was preceded by a brief (Ͻ1 s), gentle push to the closed eye, which perturbed eye position and stimulated eye proprioceptors in the absence of a motor command, R.W.'s accuracy significantly decreased compared with both her own baseline and the healthy control group. The data suggest that in normal conditions, eye proprioception is not used for visual localization. Eye proprioception is, however, continuously monitored to be incorporated into the eye position estimate when a mismatch with the efference copy of the motor command is detected. Our result thus supports the first model and, furthermore, identifies the limits for its operation.

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“…Specific eye movements and other oculomotor functions may hence receive different support from the respective neural circuits. Many aspects of this organisation are yet to be resolved (Lienbacher, Mustari, Ying, Büttner-Ennever, & Horn, 2011), but the concept of an infranuclear, independent motor control adds credence to other novel observations, such as the dual distal insertions of extraocular muscles (Demer, Miller, Poukens, Vinters, & Glasgow, 1995;Ruskell, Kjellevold Haugen, Bruenech, & van der Werf, 2005). The latter findings suggest that only global fibres are directly occupied with ocular rotation, while orbital fibres predominantly influence the muscle's direction of pull (Demer, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…However, this rests on the assumption that the myotendinous nerve terminals are sensory in origin, a view which has been challenged (Lienbacher et al, 2011). Observations of nerve terminals with efferent features have led some authorities to promote that these structures form part of the conventional motor innervations of the MIFs (Blumer et al, 2009).…”

Section: Sensory Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Oculomotor Systems Ability to Adapt to Structural Changes Caused by the Process of Senescence: A Review

Bruenech

Haugen

Bak³

et al. 2012

Scand J Optom Vis Sci

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Age-related binocular vision anomalies are frequently encountered during clinical examination of mature patients. Observations of both concomitant and incomitant restrictions in eye motility indicate that all oculomotor system levels are implicated, from cortical neurons down to extraocular muscles. The system can make adaptations in response to changes induced by growth and ageing, which it does by monitoring and adjusting its own performance. This adaptive mechanism, which is important for maintaining motility, spatial orientation, and perceptual stability, seems to rely on extra-retinal information about eye position in relation to the head and trunk. Receptors in the extraocular muscles and the vestibular system, assumed to contribute to this type of information, also undergo age-related changes. This may compromise their ability to assist in the adaptive process and in potential calibrations of other neural systems. Furthermore, recent observations of a dual, common, final pathway and double insertions of distal extraocular muscles suggest that muscle and tendon receptors may facilitate other, still unresolved, functions in the visual system. Consequently, age-related changes in certain mechanoreceptors may have more severe implications for ocular motility and visual functions than previously assumed.This review aims to detail some of the most frequent neurogenic and myogenic age-related changes that take place in the human oculomotor system and relevant pre-motor structures. It will also address clinical implications of these changes and the potential adaptive mechanism they initiate.

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Do Palisade Endings in Extraocular Muscles Arise from Neurons in the Motor Nuclei?

Cited by 48 publications

References 58 publications

Palisade Endings of Extraocular Muscles Develop Postnatally Following Different Time Courses

Palisade Endings of Extraocular Muscles Develop Postnatally Following Different Time Courses

Eye Proprioception Used for Visual Localization Only If in Conflict with the Oculomotor Plan

The Oculomotor Systems Ability to Adapt to Structural Changes Caused by the Process of Senescence: A Review

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