Do Mammals Lick at a Constant Rate? A Critical Review of the Literature

Cone, Donna M.

doi:10.1007/bf03394253

Cited by 29 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Das & Fowler 1995; Knowler & Ukena 1973; Vajnerova & Brozek 2002). Changes in lick rate in response to taste stimuli and tactile feedback have been reported for rats (Baird et al 2005; Cone 1974; Cone et al 1975; Davis & Smith 1992; Mamedov & Bures 1984). Deprivation level has also been reported to modulate mean ILI (Cone 1974; Cone et al 1975), as has the type of equipment used to collect lick data (Marowitz & Halpern 1973; Weijnen 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice vary in lick rate and ingestive microstructure

Boughter

Baird

Bryant

et al. 2006

Genes Brain and Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fluid licking in mice is an example of a rhythmic behavior thought to be under the control of a central pattern generator. Inbred strains of mice have been shown to differ in mean or modal interlick interval (ILI) duration, suggesting a genetic-based variation. We investigated water licking in the commonly used inbred strains C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2), using a commercially available contact lickometer. Results from 20-min test sessions indicated that D2 mice lick at a faster rate than B6 mice (10.6 licks/s vs. 8.5 licks/s), based on analysis of the distribution of short-duration ILIs (50-160 ms). This strain difference was independent of sex, extent of water deprivation or total number of licks. D2 mice also displayed a faster lick rate when the strains were tested with a series of brief (5 s) trials. However, when ingestion over the entire 20-min session was analyzed, it was evident that D2 mice had an overall slower rate of ingestion than B6 mice. This was because of the tendency for D2 mice to have more very long pauses (>30 s) between sequences of licking bursts. Overall, it appeared that D2 mice licked more efficiently, ingesting more rapidly during excursions to the spout that were fewer and farther between. Fluid licking is a highly stereotyped behavior in rats, mice and many other mammals that involves the rhythmic co-ordination of muscle groups involved in tongue protrusion and retraction, jaw opening and closing and swallowing. The coordination of these oromotor movements is thought to be under the control of central pattern generators (CPGs), motor 'programs' extant among premotor neuron networks that send rhythmic inputs to motor neuron pools in cranial nerve nuclei V, VII and XII (for reviews see Nakamura & Katakura 1995;Travers et al. 1997). Current evidence suggests a substrate for rhythmic licking organized among premotor neurons in the medullary reticular formation (RF). Premotor neurons associated with intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles are located in a number of medullary and pontine RF cell groups (Travers & Rinaman 2002;Travers et al. 2005). Neurons rhythmically active during licking are found in both the parvocellular and intermediate zones of the RF (e.g. Travers et al. 1997), and reversible lesion studies in awake rat preparations suggest a necessary role for the rostrolateral medullary RF (Chen & Travers 2003). However, the specific identity and physiological properties of the neurons and networks that underlie the CPG for licking are unknown.The species of choice for investigating the physiological and anatomical substrates of licking has been the rat (Weijnen 1998) but the study of strains of mice with different lick or ingestion rates holds substantial promise for genetic approaches to the study of oromotor CPGs (e.g. Okayasu et al. 2003;Tomiyama et al. 2004). Horowitz et al. (1977) examined ad lib fluid licking over a series of 20-h periods in undeprived C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice, and their F 1 progeny, using an infrared-beam lickometer. Local lick rate, as defined by ...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice vary in lick rate and ingestive microstructure

Boughter

Baird

Bryant

et al. 2006

Genes Brain and Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…sex, age, deprivation level, amount of tongue travel required to reach the watering tube or water surface. However, under the con ditions of the experimental situation, rhythmical licking/lapping movements of the tongue appear to be executed at a sur prisingly stable frequency of 6-8 Hz [Cone, 1974;Justesen, 1977;Malmoet al, submitted]. No reference to periodical irregularities in the rhythm can be found in the literature.…”

Section: Detection Of Swallowing In the Drinking Ratmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between Licking and Swallowing in the Drinking Rat

Weijnen

Wouters

Hest³

1984

Brain Behav Evol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Licking behavior of rats appeared to be interrupted periodically for about 20 ms. Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence is presented which indicates that during this period swallowing occurs. The hypothesis was tested that swallowing initiation depends on the volume of water that has accumulated in the oral cavity during drinking. No support for this hypothesis was obtained when the flow rate of water through the drinking tube was manipulated. Alternative hypotheses are discussed.

show abstract

“…However, some research has indicated that lick rate, a microbehavioral measure, helps regulate fluid ingestion and may be used as an indication of preference for test stimuli in rats (Cone, 1974). This change in lick rate will not necessarily occur in all animals.…”

Section: Rationale For Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preference differences for sucrose solutions in young and aged squirrel monkeys

Michels

King

Hsiao

1988

Physiology & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

INFORMATION TO USERSThis reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted.The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity.2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame.3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. Some pages in any document STATEMENT BY AUTHORThis thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author Age had no effect on sucrose preference thresholds.Consumatory activity in all monkeys increased monotonically with increasing sucrose concentrations, from 0.0 to 1.0 M. However, aged monkeys continued to increase consumption until sucrose concentrations exceeded 1.5 M. All monkeys increased consumption by increasing number of Licks, number of licking bursts and length of licking bursts.Compared to young monkeys, aged monkeys displayed gr...

show abstract

Do Mammals Lick at a Constant Rate? A Critical Review of the Literature

Cited by 29 publications

References 27 publications

C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice vary in lick rate and ingestive microstructure

C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice vary in lick rate and ingestive microstructure

Interaction between Licking and Swallowing in the Drinking Rat

Preference differences for sucrose solutions in young and aged squirrel monkeys

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About