DNA of free-living bodonids (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea) in bat ectoparasites: potential relevance to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomatids

Szőke, Krisztin; Sándor, Attila D.; Boldogh, Sándor; Görföl, Tamás; Votýpka, Jan; Takács, Nóra; Estók, Péter; Kováts, Dávid; Corduneanu, Alexandra; Molnár, Viktor; Kontschán, Jenő; Hornok, Sándor

doi:10.1556/004.2017.051

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…1, in studied great ape feces. Although naturally free-living aquatic bodonids, the sister clade of parasitic trypanosomatids, have been very rarely identified in vertebrate hosts (for a review see Szőke et al, 2017 ), we believe that, in the present study, the occurrence of bodonids may be the result of secondary contamination of feces from the external environment or that the isolated DNA originated from bodonids present in water consumed by the apes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

An unexpected diversity of trypanosomatids in fecal samples of great apes

Votýpka

Pafčo

Modrý

et al. 2018

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Charismatic great apes have been used widely and effectively as flagship species in conservation campaigns for decades. These iconic representatives of their ecosystems could also play a role as reservoirs of several zoonotic diseases. Recently it was demonstrated that African great apes can host Leishmania parasites (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae). Given that this finding raised a strong negative reaction from leishmania experts and the subsequent discussion did not lead to a clear resolution, we decided to analyze wild gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) fecal samples collected from the same area in Cameroon as in the original study. Fecal samples, used to circumvent the difficulties and ethics involved in obtaining blood samples from endangered wild apes, were screened by three different PCR assays for detection of Leishmania DNA. We did not detect any leishmania parasites in analyzed feces; however, sequencing of SSU rRNA revealed an unexpected diversity of free-living bodonids (Kinetoplastea: Bodonidae) and parasitic trypanosomatids (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) other than Leishmania. A single detected Phytomonas species, found in chimpanzee feces, most likely originated from animal plant food. On the other hand, the presence of four free-living bodonid species and four parasitic insect monoxenous trypanosomatid, including two possible new species of the genus Herpetomonas, could be explained as ex post contamination of feces either from the environment or from flies (Diptera: Brachycera).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

An unexpected diversity of trypanosomatids in fecal samples of great apes

Votýpka

Pafčo

Modrý

et al. 2018

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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“…However, environmental contamination cannot be ruled out, in a similar way to how Bodo sp. DNA was discovered in bats [49]. Woylies are ground dwelling herbivores feeding mostly on underground fungi [14], an environment in which Bodo sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the theory of trypanosomes evolving from free-living Bodo spp. [49] also needs to be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Trypanosoma spp. richness and prevalence of haemoparasite co-infection following translocation

et al. 2019

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BackgroundUnderstanding how fauna translocation and antiparasitic drug treatment impact parasite community structure within a host is vital for optimising translocation outcomes. Trypanosoma spp. and piroplasms (Babesia and Theileria spp.) are known to infect Australian marsupials, including the woylie (Bettongia penicillata). However relatively little is known about these haemoparasites, or how they respond to management practices such as translocation. We monitored haemoparasites infecting woylies for up to 12 months during two fauna translocations to supplement existing woylie populations in three different sites (Dryandra, Walcott and Warrup East) within south-western Australia between 2014 and 2016, with the aim of investigating (i) how haemoparasite prevalence, Trypanosoma spp. richness and Trypanosoma spp. community composition varied over time and between different sites following translocation; and (ii) whether ivermectin treatment indirectly impacts haemoparasite prevalence. Using molecular methods, 1211 blood samples were screened for the presence of trypanosomes, and a subset of these samples (n = 264) were also tested for piroplasms.ResultsTrypanosomes and piroplasms were identified in 55% and 94% of blood samples, respectively. We identified five Trypanosoma species, two Theileria species, a single species of Babesia and a novel Bodo species. Trypanosoma spp. richness and the prevalence of haemoparasite co-infection increased after translocation. Prior to translocation, Trypanosoma spp. community composition differed significantly between translocated and resident woylies within Walcott and Warrup East, but not Dryandra. Six months later, there was a significant difference between translocated and resident woylies within Dryandra, but not Walcott or Warrup East. The response of haemoparasites to translocation was highly site-specific, with predominant changes to the haemoparasite community in translocated woylies occurring within the first few months following translocation. Ivermectin treatment had no significant effect on haemoparasite prevalence.ConclusionsThis study contributes to our understanding of haemoparasite dynamics in woylies following translocation. The highly site-specific and rapid response of haemoparasites to translocation highlights the need to better understand what drives these effects. Given that haemoparasite prevalence and composition of translocated and resident animals changed significantly following translocation, we propose that parasite monitoring should form an essential component of translocation protocols, and such protocols should endeavour to monitor translocated hosts and cohabiting species.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3370-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…900 bp long fragment of the 18S (SSU) rRNA gene. The primers 609F (forward: 5′-CAC CCG CGG TAA TTC CAG C-3′) (da Silva et al 2004) and 706R (reverse: 5′-CTG AGA CTG TAA CCT CAA-3′) (Ramírez et al 2012) were used, as reported (Szőke et al 2017).…”

Section: Pcr Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity, piroplasms and trypanosomes in Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum collected from cattle in northern Pakistan

et al. 2019

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The two most important tick species in Pakistan are Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum. When associated with cattle, these have one or three host life cycles, respectively, with potential implications for their population genetics and for their vector role in the transmission of pathogens. To compare the two tick species in this context with molecular-phylogenetic methods, during the present study 123 ticks were collected from cattle in northern Pakistan. Two mitochondrial markers of 36 ticks were molecularly analyzed. All 11 R. microplus specimens had identical cox1 haplotypes, whereas the 25 H. anatolicum specimens had nine cox1 haplotypes. The latter belonged to two distinct phylogenetic lineages with high support. However, in the 16S rRNA gene these differences were less evident. Among the 113 ticks molecularly analyzed for tick-borne protozoa, the sequence of Babesia occultans was successfully amplified from two specimens of H. anatolicum. Theileria annulata was present in both R. microplus (10.4%) and H. anatolicum (27.3%), with significantly higher prevalence rate in the latter species. Only one tick, a H. anatolicum female, was positive in the PCR detecting Trypanosoma spp. Sequencing revealed the presence of a new genotype, with the closest phylogenetic relationship to stercorarian trypanosomes (in particular, to a tick-associated Trypanosoma sp. from Japan). In conclusion, the above differences between R. microplus and H. anatolicum may be partly related to their life cycles involving one host or three hosts, respectively. Among the others, host switching (reducing chances of inbreeding) and shorter periods spent on-host (reducing gene flow between cattle herds) are supposed to be important drivers of cox1 gene diversification in case of H. anatolicum as a three host tick species. These results highlight the importance of studying differences in intraspecific genetic diversity and piroplasm burdens between one host and three host ticks in the local scale. In addition, a Trypanosoma sp. molecularly identified in H. anatolicum is reported here for the first time from South Asia, deserving further evaluation concerning its host and vector species. Keywords Cox1 • 16S rRNA • One host tick • Three host tick • Theileria annulata • Babesia occultans

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DNA of free-living bodonids (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea) in bat ectoparasites: potential relevance to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomatids

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

An unexpected diversity of trypanosomatids in fecal samples of great apes

An unexpected diversity of trypanosomatids in fecal samples of great apes

Increased Trypanosoma spp. richness and prevalence of haemoparasite co-infection following translocation

Genetic diversity, piroplasms and trypanosomes in Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum collected from cattle in northern Pakistan

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