DNA Intermediates in the Replication of Retroviruses Are Structurally (and Perhaps Functionally) Related to Transposable Elements

Majors, John; Swanstrom, R.; DeLorbe, W.; Payne, Grégory S.; Hughes, Stephen H.; Ortı́z, Sandra Peña de; Quintrell, Nancy; Bishop, J. Michael; Varmus, Harold

doi:10.1101/sqb.1981.045.01.091

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The right repeat of SB41 is the promoter sequence of pB41-6 (6). (18,19). Only four eukaryotic transposable elements are known to bear inverted terminal repeats; the P and FB elements of Drosophila (18,20), the a element of yeast (21), and the Tcl element of Caenorhabditis elegans (22).…”

Section: Dirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dictyostelium transposable element DIRS-1 has 350-base-pair inverted terminal repeats that contain a heat shock promoter.

Zuker¹,

Cappello²,

Lodish³

et al. 1984

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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DIRS-1 is a 4.7-kilobase-pair repetitive and apparently transposable Dictyostelium genetic element that is transcribed during differentiation or after heat shock. The terminal regions of DIRS-1 are inverted repeats of 330 base pairs. The repeats are highly conserved both within a given element as well as between different members of the family (<10% divergence). At the distal end of all left repeats is a 32-nucleotide sequence composed almost entirely of A and T residues. In addition to this 32-base A+T sequence, the distal region of all right repeats is extended by a 28-base-pair A+T-rich sequence that is identical in all copies. The sequences flanking each DIRS-1 sequence are completely dissimilar, and there appears to be no duplication of the genomic DNA sequence at the presumed point of DIRS-1 insertion. The terminal repeats can also be found interspersed in the genome independently of the complete element. In addition, the terminal repeats carry a 15-nucleotide sequence that greatly resembles the Drosophila consensus heat shock promoter and may be involved in the transcriptional induction of the DIRS-1 sequences. A common feature of most eukaryotic and prokaryotic transposable elements is the presence of terminally repeated sequences-either direct (copia, Ty-1, Tn9) or inverted (most bacterial transposon elements) (2-4). We report here that the terminal regions of the Dictyostelium DIRS-1 element are inverted repeats of 330 base pairs (bp); all of the repeats on the right side of the transposon are extended by an additional 28 bp rich in A and T residues. We also show that the repeats are found interspersed in the genome, independent of the complete element. We discuss the possible origins of such genomic fragments.DIRS-1 hybridizes to a large number of differently sized cytoplasmic polyadenylylated RNAs that accumulate in a coordinated fashion during development (5). These RNAs appear to be mRNAs as they are polyadenylylated and are specifically associated with polysomes (unpublished data). Most of the RNAs carrying sequences complementary to DIRS-1 are induced in response to heat shock or to other "stresses" which precede the initiation of development (5). Moreover, one of the many genomic fragments related to DIRS-1 (clone pB41-6) contains a 15-base sequence that resembles a Drosophila heat shock promoter (5) and directs the synthesis of a heat-inducible RNA when introduced into yeast (6). We demonstrate here that the heat shock promoter responsible for the thermal induction of pB41-6 is contained within the terminal repeats of DIRS-1.

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Section: Dirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dictyostelium transposable element DIRS-1 has 350-base-pair inverted terminal repeats that contain a heat shock promoter.

Zuker¹,

Cappello²,

Lodish³

et al. 1984

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…3C). In particular, the latter finding might suggest that 297 RNA is convertible to complete 297 doublestranded DNA by a mechanism similar to that in retroviruses because, in retroviruses, 5' T-G-G 3' adjacent to one of the LTRs provides a site for the starting point of synthesis of the minus strand of DNA, whereas a purine-rich sequence next to the other LTR is required for the synthesis of the plus DNA strand (10,21,22).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insertion of a movable genetic element, 297, into the T-A-T-A box for the H3 histone gene in Drosophila melanogaster.

Ikenaga¹,

Saigo²

1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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From a cloned library of Drosophila DNA, a recombinant phage was isolated which contained a nucleotide sequence homologous to both the histone gene and a movable genetic element, 297 [Saigo, K., Millstein, L. & Thomas, C.A., Jr. (1981) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 45, 815-827]. We have determined the nucleotide sequences of the termini of 297 as well as its insertion site in the histone gene in the clone. Our results strongly suggest that (i) although 297 ends with typical long terminal repeats, integrated 297 is not bounded by 5' T-G...C-A 3', dinucleotides commonly found at the very ends of integrated forms of other similar genetic elements, and (ii) the insertion of 297 occurred exactly within the T-A-T-A box for the H3 histone gene containing T-A-T-A-T-A. The structures of the insertion sites of 297 were also examined by using two other recombinant clones of the histone gene. A 6-base-pair-long segment, T-A-T-A-T-A, was again found to be present at the insertion sites of 297 in both clones. Based on these results, it was concluded that, at least within the histone gene cluster, the insertion of 297 was carried out in a site-specific fashion with T-A-T-A-T-A as the target sequence.

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“…How ever, there is one important difference be tween genomic RN A and proviral DNA. As a result of reverse transcription (see below), the provirus is flanked on both sides with long terminal repeats (LTRs) which include the U5 and U3 sequences that are present only once in genomic RNA [Hsu et al, 1978;Shank et al, 1978;Majors et al, 1980] (see also for the relationship of LTRs to transposable elements).…”

Section: Structure Of Provirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rous Sarcoma Virus

Svoboda¹

1986

Intervirology

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DNA Intermediates in the Replication of Retroviruses Are Structurally (and Perhaps Functionally) Related to Transposable Elements

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Dictyostelium transposable element DIRS-1 has 350-base-pair inverted terminal repeats that contain a heat shock promoter.

Dictyostelium transposable element DIRS-1 has 350-base-pair inverted terminal repeats that contain a heat shock promoter.

Insertion of a movable genetic element, 297, into the T-A-T-A box for the H3 histone gene in Drosophila melanogaster.

Rous Sarcoma Virus

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