DNA double-strand breaks and micronuclei in human blood lymphocytes after repeated whole body exposures to 7T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Valid Exposure Protocols Needed in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Genotoxic Research

“…In the other studies, various combinations of clinical MRI sequences were used. In some cases, the sequences were only mentioned by name [Simi et al, 2008;Lee et al, 2011;Szerencsi et al, 2013;Critchley et al, 2018], and in other cases, they were described with more details about the specific settings used [Schwenzer et al, 2007a,b;Reddig et al, 2015;Fatahi et al, 2016;Friebe et al, 2018].…”

“…Four studies gave no specifics about the gradient fields involved [Simi et al, 2008;Lee et al, 2011;Szerencsi et al, 2013;Critchley et al, 2018], making the exposure conditions impossible to replicate. The remaining four studies [Schwenzer et al, 2007a,b;Reddig et al, 2015;Fatahi et al, 2016;Friebe et al, 2018] provided peak gradient field strengths and peak slew rates, which could be useful information together with the exact position of the sample. Unfortunately, the position of the sample was either not given [Schwenzer et al, 2007a] or not specific [Reddig et al, 2015;Fatahi et al, 2016;Friebe et al, 2018].…”

“…The remaining four studies [Schwenzer et al, 2007a,b;Reddig et al, 2015;Fatahi et al, 2016;Friebe et al, 2018] provided peak gradient field strengths and peak slew rates, which could be useful information together with the exact position of the sample. Unfortunately, the position of the sample was either not given [Schwenzer et al, 2007a] or not specific [Reddig et al, 2015;Fatahi et al, 2016;Friebe et al, 2018]. Fatahi et al [2016] placed samples in "close proximity (2-7 cm) to the isocenter."…”

“…Unfortunately, the position of the sample was either not given [Schwenzer et al, 2007a] or not specific [Reddig et al, 2015;Fatahi et al, 2016;Friebe et al, 2018]. Fatahi et al [2016] placed samples in "close proximity (2-7 cm) to the isocenter." Friebe et al [2018] placed 96-well sample plates in the isocenter, which means that the gradient field could vary as much as 8.3 mT between two samples placed at either end of the plate.…”

Toward 20 T magnetic resonance for human brain studies: opportunities for discovery and neuroscience rationale

“…A summary of eight studies on human cells by Vijayalaxmi and co-workers [130] describes six studies that showed an increase in DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) or micronuclei (evidence of DNA damage) and two studies that showed no change. Three reports since that review showed no increases in DSB of subjects’ blood following clinical MRI exposures [136–138]. Known causes of DNA DSB include UV, ionizing radiation (X-ray CT), virus infections, and environmental temperature [139] as well as beta blockers used by cardiovascular patients [140] and MRI contrast agents.…”