“…Reviewing the literature indicates that lean manufacturing has successfully contributed to a large variety of industries in developed countries through improving operational performance (by improvements in quality, productivity, delivery, and/or minimization of inventory and cost), business performance (by enhancement of profitability, sales, and customer satisfaction), environmental performance (by minimization/elimination of green waste, e.g., energy waste, materials waste, etc. ), social performance (by reduction of existing hazards to the health and safety of employees), and, consequently, enhancing sustainable performance via the fulfilment of the triple bottom line requirements [9,10]. However, the adoption of this philosophy in developing countries is not promising, particularly in the forest-based (Finnish SMEs) industries, where lean is considered as a new concept and may have yet been established sufficiently in organization systems thinking [11,12].…”