Djulis Hull Improves Insulin Resistance and Modulates the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Hyperglycaemia

Abstract

In this study, we annotated the major flavonoid glycoside, rutin, of djulis hull crude extract using a Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) library and its MS/MS spectra. To evaluate the protective effect of djulis hull crude extract and rutin on glucose tolerance, we fed mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce hyperglycaemia. These results showed that crude extract significantly decreased HFD-induced elevation in the area under the curve (AUC) of weekly random blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), and advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels, and significantly increased pIRS1 and Glut4 protein expression in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and liver. Furthermore, the HFD-induced reduction in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) was reversed by crude extract. In addition, ZO-1 and occludin protein expression in the colon was markedly downregulated in HFD-fed mice, resulting in decreased intestinal permeability and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation, but were restored following crude extract. Moreover, the crude extract intervention had a profound effect on the alpha diversity and microbial community in the gut microbiota. Therefore, djulis hull crude extract could improve blood glucose and increase insulin receptor sensitivity in HFD-induced hyperglycaemia, which is likely due to its modulation of the gut microbiota, preservation of the integrity of the intestinal barrier to reduce body inflammation, increased antioxidant activity, and modulation of insulin signalling.

Electroacupuncture Improves Depression-Like Behavior by Regulating the Abundance of Lactobacillus and Staphylococci in Mice

“…Some studies have shown that Tyzzerella is associated with Obese [30]. Some studies have shown that Tyzzerella is associated with dietary patterns and has an elevated abundance in the intestinal flora of mice on a highfat diet [31,32]. The relative abundance and bodyweight of Tyzzerella were elevated in high-fat diet mice in these studies.…”

Protective Effect of Rutin on Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate-Induced Toxicity through the Inhibition of Caspase Activation and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Macrophages

“…However, TEGDMA is released form polymeric materials, and it induces cytotoxicity in macrophages, pulp cells, odontoblast-like cells, and gingival fibroblasts [ 12 , 19 , 20 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Rutin is a flavonol glycoside that has several biological uses, for example, in anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anticancer, and antigenotoxicity agents [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Rutin inhibits the level of cytotoxicity in LPS- and BisGMA-treated macrophages [ 7 , 8 ].…”

“…Rutin is a bioflavonoid antioxidant and is found as an abundant component in various plants, such as grapes, buckwheat, tea, apples, tobacco, Forsythia , fruits, vegetables, and grains [ 1 , 2 ]. Rutin has various nutritional benefits and medicinal applications, for example, in inflammation, oxidative stress, diabetes, hyperglycemia, cancer, and genotoxicity [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Pretreatment with rutin reduced inflammatory responses, genotoxicity, and lung toxicity in mice after exposure to benzo[ a ]pyrene [B(α)P], an environmental pollutant and a potentially carcinogenic substance [ 7 ].…”

Finasteride Alleviates High Fat Associated Protein-Overload Nephropathy by Inhibiting Trimethylamine N-Oxide Synthesis and Regulating Gut Microbiota

“…Excessive intake of dietary fat leads to abnormal metabolite deposition with potential to develop various chronic diseases, especially kidney diseases ( Rohr et al, 2020 ; Tung et al, 2021 ). Severe hyperlipidemia could trigger the activation of pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrogenic, and pro-apoptotic signaling pathways, causing cellular damage cascade ( Yamamoto et al, 2017 ; Sun et al, 2020 ).…”

“…As is known, 4-weeks HFD feeding is inadequate to induce neither severe organ damage nor dysfunction, which is reflected by the staining results of liver sections (Supplementary Figure S1) (van der Heijden et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2020). The previous study of our research group demonstrated that finasteride could rescue the elevation of TMAO caused by HFD feeding in mice (Liu et al, 2020).…”