Diversity of sand flies in domiciliary environment of Santarém, state of Pará, Brazil: species composition and abundance patterns in rural and urban areas

Abstract

This paper aimed to evaluate the richness, abundance and frequency of sand fly occurrence in rural and urban areas American visceral leishmaniasis -AVL is endemic in the study area of Santarém municipality, Pará state. Sand flies were collected during 1995-2000, using CDC light traps placed in neighborhoods and rural areas of the municipality. A total of 53.454 individuals and 26 species of sand flies were collected. The most abundant species in both urban and rural environments was Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of AVL in the area. The highest species richness by capture was in rural area. In all years sampled, the largest number of species of sand fly collected was always in rural areas. The species of sand flies in urban and rural area were similar in 11 species. In the rural area other 11 species were found, a total of 22 species. Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 0.12 to 0.84 at rural areas and 0.08 to 0.34 at urban ones. In general, rural localities showed higher diversity (H') of phlebotomines than urban ones. Individual-based rarefaction curves for each area demonstrated that urban localities had the lowest expected number of phlebotomine species and the richest rural ones reach higher expected values with lower amount of individuals than urban sites. The most frequent species were Lutzomyia longipalpis, Evandromyia carmelinoi and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata. Com o objetivo de comparar a riqueza, abundância e freqüência de ocorrência de flebotomíneos em sítios rurais e urbanos numa área endêmica de leishmaniose visceral no município de Santarém (PA) foi realizado no período entre 1995-2000, capturas de flebotomíneos por meio de armadilhas luminosas CDC montadas no ambiente domiciliar em diferentes bairros e localidades rurais do município. Foram capturados 53.454 indivíduos, de 26 espécies e dentre elas, a mais abundante, tanto em ambiente urbano e rural, foi Lutzomyia longipalpis, vetor da leishmaniose visceral americana na região. Em todos os anos de amostragem, a maior riqueza de espécies por captura foi obtida em áreas rurais. As áreas rurais e urbanas compartilharam onze espécies de flebotomíneos; enquanto este mesmo número de espécies foi exclusivo em áreas rurais. Os índices de ShannonWiener variaram de 0,12 a 0,84 nas localidades rurais e de 0,08 a 0,34 nas áreas urbanas. Em geral, as áreas rurais apresentaram maior diversidade de flebotomíneos comparado às áreas urbanas. As curvas de rarefação baseadas em indivíduos revelaram um rápido aumento no número esperado de espécies em localidades rurais, indicando que amostras com menor quantidade de indivíduos nestas áreas atingem maior riqueza de espécies. As espécies mais freqüentes durante o período de amostragem foram Lutzomyia longipalpis, Evandromyia carmelinoi e Bichromomyia flaviscutellata.

Genetic variations of Chrysomya megacephala populations in Malaysia (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

“…Our finding of low genetic diversity among individuals which were caught from periurban areas, is consistent with similar patterns of low genetic diversity among urban sand fly populations (Shannon Index ranged from 0.08 to 0.34) as revealed by Feitosa et al [37]. It has been suggested that differential adaptation to changes in urban environments and urbanized habitat simplification is related to reduction in genetic variability, as noticed in genetic studies of urban mosquito populations [38] and cricket species [39].…”

Ecology of phlebotomine sand flies in an area of leishmaniasis occurrence in the Xakriabá Indigenous Reserve, Minas Gerais, Brazil

“…Compared to other villages evaluated in the study, Riacho do Brejo showed a greater variety of animal enclosures, such as pens for chickens, pigs, and dogs, as well as fruit trees such as banana and guava trees, providing excellent conditions for phlebotomine reproduction and population growth 37,38 . Brejo do Mata Fome was much more artificially modified and showed the lowest population density and lowest sand fly faunal diversity, corroborating the previous results of Feitosa et al 39 . The interference of climatic factors with the sand fly population has been studied previously.…”

Antibodies to Leishmania spp. in domestic felines

“…Deane & Deane (1937) have reported human cases of American visceral leishmaniasis in Pará, Brazil. From 1995-2000, Feitosa et al (2012 identified phlebotomine species in rural and urban sites in Santarém, Pará, and the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis was abundant.…”

“…Deane & Deane (1937) have reported human cases of American visceral leishmaniasis in Pará, Brazil. From 1995-2000, Feitosa et al (2012 identified phlebotomine species in rural and urban sites in Santarém, Pará, and the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis was abundant.The city of Belém is an area of sporadic transmission of visceral leishmaniasis according to the Brazilian Ministry of Health (BRASIL, 2007). An entomological study conducted between 2009 and 2011 identified six species of epidemiologically important vectors for the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in that region (FERREIRA et al, 2014).…”