Diversity of Birds Across Land Use and Habitat Gradients in Forests, Rubber Agroforests and Rubber Plantations of North Sumatra

Abstract

RUBBER AGROFORESTS AND RUBBER PLANTATIONS OF NORTH SUMATRA. Birds play a pivotal role in the ecosystem, but in disturbed areas their roles may be limited due to the changes of their natural habitats. This paper studies the birds' habitats in Simalungun and Asahan Districts, North Sumatra. The study was conducted in four habitats: natural forest, rubber agroforests, rubber monoculture plantations and emplacement areas. The birds were observed using descriptive survey methods by implementing a quick biodiversity survey, data were collected along one km transect. The results showed that in total, 142 species of birds from 42 families were observed in the four habitats. Natural forests had the highest diversity of bird species, followed by rubber agroforests, emplacement areas and rubber plantations, with a Shannon-Wiener index of 3.8, 3.6, 3.0 and 2.9, respectively. Regarding the IUCN red list species, 12 bird species of nearthreatened status and 2 species of vulnerable status were recorded. Based on CITES categories, one species was listed in the Appendix I, 12 species were classified in Appendix II and 26 bird species were protected under Indonesian regulations. Changes in the structure and composition of the vegetation in disturbed forests and cleared land determined the richness of the bird species. The different tree compositions in the four habitats of the rubber estate plantations and surrounding areas influenced the number of bird species, bird diversity and species composition.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung Ekosistem Danau

“…Beberapa contohnya adalah burung Belukwutu Gunung (Glaucidium brodiei) memiliki status tidak dilindungi menurut UU RI dan menurut IUCN. Burung Julang Jambul-Hitam (Aceros corrugatus) memiliki status dilindungi menurut UU RI dan menurut IUCN terancam punah (Ayat & Tata, 2015).…”

“…Hal ini dikarenakan burung ini merupakan salah satu burung pemakan biji-bijian seperti padi dan buah-buahan yang lunak dimana pada lokasi penelitian banyak terdapat pohon-pohon atau tumbuhan yang mendukung untuk burung jenis ini tinggal dan kebutuhan makanannya terpenuhi. Burung dari ordo Passeriformes ini merupakan burung-burung pemakan biji-bijian dan buah-buahan (Ayat & Tata, 2015). Jenis makanan dari spesies Pycnonotus goiavier berupa buah-buahan yang lunak dan serangga kecil seperti semut dan ulat (Kamal et al, 2016).…”

Conservation implication and traditional ecological knowledge on trading bird: A case study in Depok bird market in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia

“…Distinctive behavior is also a factor in bird naming. Anthreptes malacensis, for instance, is commonly known as burung madu kelapa because of its role as pollinator and it only eats madu or nectar (Ayat and Tata 2015). A. malacensis frequently encountered amongst flowers and flowering trees.…”

Evaluation on Bali Mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912) population, result of release process 1998-2015 in Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia

“…However, the poaching that occurred in Teluk Kotal caused the location to no longer be used as a release site due to a lack of security. Besides hunting and trade, deforestation and habitat destruction are the most dominant factors in the reduction of the number of bird species and their possible extinction (Ayat and Tata 2015). The predators and competitors of BM at released sites can be seen in Table 8.…”