Diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong Provinces of Vietnam and their relation to disease

Abstract

BackgroundHuman malaria is still a burden in Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc Provinces in south-central Vietnam that border Cambodia. Several Anopheles species that transmit human malarial Plasmodium may also transmit Wuchereria bancrofti, the nematode that causes Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of Anopheles species in the transmission of these two pathogens in the two highly malaria endemic provinces of Vietnam.MethodsAnopheles mosquitoes were collected in Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc Provinces in November and December of 2010 and 2011. Human landing catches, paired collections on human and buffalo, and resting captures were made with mouth aspirators. Collections were also made with light traps. Morphological and PCR-based methods were used to identify the species. Real-time PCR was used to detect Plasmodium species and W. bancrofti in individual mosquitoes.ResultsTwenty-four Anopheles species were identified among 797 captured mosquitoes. Anopheles dirus was found in both provinces and was the predominant species in Binh Phuoc Province; An. maculatus was the most prevalent species in Dak Nong Province. Anopheles minimus was collected only in Binh Phuoc Province. Some specimens of An. minimus and An. pampanai were misidentified based on morphology. Four specimens of An. scanloni were identified, and this is the first report of this species of the Dirus Complex in Vietnam. Two females, one An. dirus and one An. pampanai, collected in Binh Phuoc Province were infected with P. vivax, for an overall infection rate of 0.41% (2/486): 0.28% for An. dirus (1/361) and 20% for An. pampanai (1/5). No mosquitoes were found to be infected with P. falciparum, P. knowlesi or W. bancrofti in either province.ConclusionA diversity of Anopheles species occurs in Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc Provinces of Vietnam, several of which are considered to be actual and potential vectors of malarial protozoa and microfilariae. It is highly likely that two of the species, An. dirus and An. pampanai, are active in malaria transmission based on the detection of P. vivax in females of these species. This is the first report of An. scanloni in Vietnam.

Diversity of the Bacterial Microbiota of Anopheles Mosquitoes from Binh Phuoc Province, Vietnam

“…One hundred Anopheles (out of 486 specimens collected from 4 sites located in Bu Gia Map District, Binh Phuoc Province in central-southern Vietnam (Ngo et al, 2014), which belonged to eight Anopheles species, including Anopheles dirus , An. jeyporiensis , An.…”

“…scanloni , were randomly chosen for the present study. These Anopheles specimens were collected between November and December, 2011 (rainy-beginning of the dry season) during 11 consecutive nights (17:00–20:00 h using methods, such as light trap capture and human landing catches indoor and outdoor (Ngo et al, 2014). …”

“…Specimens that belonged to the Dirus Complex or the Funestus and Maculatus Groups were individually identified to species level using the appropriate PCR-based assay as described by Walton et al (1999, 2007) and Garros et al (2005). Each individual was split into two pieces stored at -80°C until use: (1) head-thorax for species identification and detection of Plasmodium by molecular methods (Ngo et al, 2014); and (2) abdomen for bacterial analysis. One hundred abdomens of wild-caught Anopheles females were used for the subsequent bacterial study by both methods, culture and DNA fingerprint, as described below.…”

Anopheles species diversity and distribution of the malaria vectors of Thailand

“…Of note, An. pampanai has been found to be infected with Plasmodium vivax in Vietnam by Durnez et al [69] and Ngo et al [70], but has yet to be implicated as a vector in Thailand.…”

Biology, distribution and control of Anopheles (Cellia) minimus in the context of malaria transmission in northeastern India

“…1 and 2). With molecular identification of the sibling species of the Minimus Complex, the geographical range of each species has now been more detailed [2, 35, 36, 46, 47]. In India, An.…”