“…Forcing from El Niño is a key source of WPSH variability. The El Niño impact on the WPSH has been intensively studied (e.g., He et al, 2015;Jiang et al, 2017Jiang et al, , 2018Kumar & Hoerling, 2003;Li et al, 2017;Paek et al, 2015Paek et al, , 2016Park et al, 2010;Sui et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2000;Wang & Zhang, 2002;Xie et al, 2009Xie et al, , 2016, and the prevailing view is that the WPSH typically intensifies during the decaying summer of El Niño (e.g., Wang et al, 2000;Xiang et al, 2013;Xie et al, 2009). A northwestern Pacific (NWP) local coupling mechanism (Wang et al, 2000) and an Indian Ocean Capacitor (IOC) mechanism (Xie et al, 2009) were proposed to explain how El Niño can still influence the WPSH intensity after its demise.…”