Divergent Paths in Post-Communist Transformation

Inequality, democracy and taxation: Lessons from the post-communist transition

“…This yields the set of twenty-seven countries labelled by the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) as 'transition economies' (see: EBRD 1994EBRD -2005, and for recent discussion -Mickiewicz, 2005 andHavrylyshyn, 2006).…”

“…In section 3, we discuss our data, paying special attention to methodological nuances concerning the measurement of inequality and institutions. We then explain our specifications and consider some of the econometric issues 3 See, for example, Kapstein and Milanovic, 2003;Mickiewicz, 2005;Havrylyshyn, 2006. 4 associated with our estimations. The penultimate section presents the detail of our results before we recap our findings in section 5.…”

Hierarchy of governance institutions and the pecking order of privatisation: Central–Eastern Europe and Central Asia reconsidered

“…Empirical tests provided by Di Tommaso et all. (2007) suggest that the effect of the EU accession process on reforms is very strong, even if some additional reverse, feedback effects are also possible (see also Havrylyshyn, 2006;Gros and Steinherr, 2004). Also, the impact of political reforms on economic reforms is well established in empirical studies (see: Falcetti et al, 2002;Mickiewicz, 2005).…”

“…In addition, there is no evidence that foreign companies behave differently from domestic players in such an environment (Hellman et al 2002). The danger is that partial reforms evolve into political capitalism where big players ('early winners') consolidate their initial post-privatisation gains at the cost of damaging both minority interests of shareholders created via privatisation, competitive capital markets and competitive product markets by mounting entry barriers (Hellman, 1998;Slinko et al, 2005;Havrylyshyn, 2006). Universal property rights are replaced by 'individualised protection' and 'inequality of influence' becomes institutionally embedded (Glaeser et al, 2003;Sonin, 2003) leading to economic inequality (Buccellato and Mickiewicz, 2009).…”

“…1 Initially characterised by a similar institutional structure (command economy with dominant state property and authoritarian governments), now they represent a wide variety of outcomes and the process of institutional transformation has not been finished yet, at least for some of them (Aslund 2007;Havrylyshyn, 2006;Mickiewicz, 2005, and others). External liberalisation and re-integration with the outside world formed an important part of this process.…”