Diurnal asymmetry to the observed global warming

Davy, Richard; Esau, Igor; Chernokulsky, А. V.; Outten, Stephen; Zilitinkevich, Sergej

doi:10.1002/joc.4688

Cited by 231 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Because nights with higher VPD often occur on very warm days, greater stomatal regulation at night may result in overall water savings for these species. This will become especially important as nocturnal air temperatures increase more rapidly than daytime temperatures in future climates (Davy, Esau, Chernokulsky, Outten, & Zilitinkevich, ). In support of this interpretation, Ogle et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of nocturnal water flux in a tallgrass prairie

O’Keefe

Nippert

2018

Functional Ecology

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Nocturnal transpiration can impact water balance from the local community to earth‐atmosphere fluxes. However, the dynamics and drivers of nocturnal transpiration among coexisting plant functional groups in herbaceous ecosystems are unknown. Here, we addressed the following questions: (1) How do nocturnal (Enight) and diurnal (Eday) transpiration vary among coexisting grasses, forbs, and shrubs in a tallgrass prairie? (2) What environmental variables drive Enight and do these differ from the drivers of Eday? (3) Is Enight associated with daytime physiological processes? We measured diurnal and nocturnal leaf gas exchange on perennial grass, forb and woody species in a North American tallgrass prairie. Measurements were made periodically across two growing seasons (May–August 2014–2015) on three C4 grasses (Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans and Panicum virgatum), two C3 forbs (Vernonia baldwinii and Solidago canadensis), one C3 sub‐shrub (Amorpha canescens) and two C3 shrubs (Cornus drummondii and Rhus glabra). By extending our study to multiple functional groups, we were able to make several key observations: (1) Enight was variable among co‐occurring plant functional groups, with the highest rates occurring in C4 grasses, (2) Enight and Eday exhibited different responses to vapour pressure deficit and other environmental drivers, and (3) rates of Enight were strongly related to predawn leaf water potential for grasses and woody species, and were likely modulated by small‐scale changes in soil moisture availability. Our results provide novel insight into an often‐overlooked portion of ecosystem water balance. Considering the high rates of Enight observed in C4 grasses, as well as the widespread global occurrence of C4 grasses, nocturnal water loss might constitute a greater proportion of global evapotranspiration than previously estimated. Additionally, future predictions of nocturnal water loss may be complicated by stomatal behaviour that differs between the day and at night. Finally, these data suggest a water‐use strategy by C4 grasses wherein the high rates of Enight occurring during wet periods may confer a competitive advantage to maximize resource consumption during periods of greater availability. A http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13072/suppinfo is available for this article.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of nocturnal water flux in a tallgrass prairie

O’Keefe

Nippert

2018

Functional Ecology

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“…The strength of the relationship of E C with VPD increased at night compared to during the day, particularly for grasses, which is consistent with the notion that atmospheric coupling is greater at night (Wullschleger et al, ). Considering that air temperatures in this region will increase with future climate changes (Christensen et al, ; Zambreski et al, ) and will likely occur to a greater extent at night (Davy et al, ), concomitant increases in VPD may increase nocturnal E C in grasses disproportionately over other species in tallgrass prairies. High rates of nocturnal E C have the potential to create hydrological deficits and also reduce primary productivity in grasslands, as grasses deplete soil moisture without gaining carbon via photosynthesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bridging the Flux Gap: Sap Flow Measurements Reveal Species‐Specific Patterns of Water Use in a Tallgrass Prairie

et al. 2020

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Predicting the hydrological consequences following changes in grassland vegetation type (i.e., woody encroachment) requires an understanding of water flux dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution for predominant species within grassland communities. However, grassland fluxes are typically measured at the leaf or landscape scale, which inhibits our ability to predict how individual species contribute to changing ecosystem fluxes. We used external heat balance sap flow sensors and a hierarchical Bayesian state‐space modeling approach to bridge this “flux gap” and estimate continuous species‐level water flux in common tallgrass prairie species. Specifically, we asked the following: (1) How do diurnal and nocturnal water fluxes differ among woody and herbaceous plants? (2) How sensitive are woody and herbaceous species to environmental drivers of diurnal and nocturnal water flux? We highlight three results: (1) Cornus drummondii, the primary woody encroacher in this grassland, exhibited the greatest canopy‐level water loss; (2) nocturnal transpiration was a large component of the water lost in this ecosystem and was driven primarily by C4 grasses and C. drummondii; and (3) the sensitivity of canopy transpiration to environmental drivers varies among plant functional types and throughout a 24‐hr period. Our data reveal important insights regarding the water use strategies of woody versus herbaceous species in tallgrass prairies and about the potential hydrological consequences of ongoing woody encroachment. We suggest that the high, static flux rates observed in woody species will likely deplete deep water stores over time, potentially creating hydrological deficits in grasslands experiencing woody encroachment and concomitantly increasing the vulnerability of these ecosystems to drought.

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“…Only central parts of Iran have experienced significant increasing trends in DTR, and this finding is consistent with the maps presented by Davy et al . () in which Iran is mostly shown to have experienced DTR trends of <0.03 °C yr −1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPATIO‐TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF SEVEN WEATHER VARIABLES IN IRAN: APPLICATION OF CRU TS AND GPCC DATA SETS^†

Ababaei

2020

Irrigation and Drainage

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Iran's climate‐sensitive agriculture and water resources are vulnerable to climate change and investigation of climatic trends helps in preparing adaptation strategies. Weather stations are sparsely distributed and access to complete weather data is limited. In such situations, gridded global/regional data sets are promising alternatives. Here, monthly time series of seven weather variables (i.e. monthly averages or monthly totals of daily values) were obtained from the Climatic Research Unit TS V4.01 and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre V7 gridded data sets in 675 grid cells covering the country and analysed over the periods 1957–1986 and 1987–2016 at annual, seasonal and monthly scales. Over the two periods and at a national scale, mean temperature has increased by 0.004 (P = 0.717) and 0.04 °C yr−1 (P = 0.000), while the diurnal temperature range has not significantly changed (P > 0.6). Annual total precipitation experienced an insignificant increase (0.81 mm yr−1; P = 0.666) over the first period but declined by 2.12 mm yr−1 (P = 0.041) over the second. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) has increased by 0.32 (P = 0.398) and 1.43 mm yr−1 (P = 0.015), respectively. Since 1987, significant increasing trends in temperature were detected all over the country. While significant increasing trends in annual precipitation were detected in the central regions and south‐west over the first period, decreasing trends prevailed during 1987–2016 in the south, southwest and east with winter being the largest contributor to annual trends. Over the last three decades, annual PET has increased mostly in the north‐west and south‐east while significant increasing trends were detected in 89% of grid cells, except in a few cells in the north‐east. Cloud cover, vapour pressure and frequency of frost days were also analysed. These results are crucial for policy‐makers, researchers and engineers in the country and internationally who usually base their decisions and designs on outdated data sparsely distributed in space. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Diurnal asymmetry to the observed global warming

Cited by 231 publications

References 60 publications

Drivers of nocturnal water flux in a tallgrass prairie

Drivers of nocturnal water flux in a tallgrass prairie

Bridging the Flux Gap: Sap Flow Measurements Reveal Species‐Specific Patterns of Water Use in a Tallgrass Prairie

SPATIO‐TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF SEVEN WEATHER VARIABLES IN IRAN: APPLICATION OF CRU TS AND GPCC DATA SETS^†

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Diurnal asymmetry to the observed global warming

Cited by 231 publications

References 60 publications

Drivers of nocturnal water flux in a tallgrass prairie

Drivers of nocturnal water flux in a tallgrass prairie

Bridging the Flux Gap: Sap Flow Measurements Reveal Species‐Specific Patterns of Water Use in a Tallgrass Prairie

SPATIO‐TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF SEVEN WEATHER VARIABLES IN IRAN: APPLICATION OF CRU TS AND GPCC DATA SETS†

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SPATIO‐TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF SEVEN WEATHER VARIABLES IN IRAN: APPLICATION OF CRU TS AND GPCC DATA SETS^†