Diuretic and Renal Protective Effect of Kaempferol 3-O-Alpha-l-rhamnoside (Afzelin) in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats

Abstract

Our previous study showed that kaempferitrin, the main flavonoid from Bauhinia forf icata Link leaves, induces diuresis and saluresis when orally given to rats. Since afzelin (AFZ) and kaempferol (KFL) are active compounds from the biometabolism of kaempferitrin, the diuretic and renal protective properties of these two compounds were evaluated. While the acute treatment with AFZ evoked a diuretic action associated with an increase in Cl − excretion and a Ca 2+ -sparing effect, KFL did not present any activity. The pretreatment with a muscarinic receptor blocker or with an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase fully avoided AFZ-induced diuresis. AFZ also induced a prolonged (7-day treatment) diuretic effect in normotensive (NTR) and hypertensive rats (SHR), with an increase of urinary Na + and Cl − excretion, while it decreased the elimination of Ca 2+ . AFZ was able to decrease ROS and nitrite generation on kidney homogenates in comparison with the SHR group treated with the vehicle, as well as mitigated the changes in the renal corpuscle region (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule). Moreover, AFZ significantly reduced calcium oxalate crystal formation in urine, with inhibition rates of 41% for the NTR and 92% for the SHR group. Taken together, this study shows that AFZ exerts acute and prolonged diuretic effects plus protective renal properties.

Prolonged Diuretic and Renoprotective Effects of a Xanthone Obtained from Garcinia achachairu Rusby in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats

“…Besides, the weight of the kidneys and heart differed between the NTR groups and SHR treated with VEH (i.e., reduced kidney weight and increased cardiac weight in the SHR group—data not shown), which was expected, since the characteristics of SHR lineage are associated with ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac hyperplasia, and kidney damage [ 35 ]. Moreover, these results have already been described in previous studies [ 26 , 28 ]. The treatment with HCTZ or TDP did not cause any changes in these tissues, suggesting that 7 days of treatment were not enough to reverse the damage already established by hypertension.…”

“…Evaluation. Blood samples were examined for the content of electrolytes, creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and nitrite [17,26]. e urine samples were analyzed for electrolytes excretion (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Cl − ), pH, and osmolality.…”

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Genus Equisetum (Equisetaceae): A Narrative Review of the Species with Therapeutic Potential for Kidney Diseases

“…In agreement with these findings, this study also demonstrated, by using an in vitro assay of urinary calculus formation, that the caffeic acid reduced the number of the monohydrate and dihydrate forms of calcium oxalate crystals formed in the urine, suggesting the diuretic plus antiurolithiatic effect of this compound [77]. On the other hand, it is important to mention that kaempferol, a compound found in many species of the Equisetum genus, was studied by Cechinel-Zanchet et al [78], but did not present diuretic action.…”

Ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and evidence-based pharmacological properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: extensive overview

“…Kaempferol and its glycosides have demonstrated an antihypertensive potential in most cases. For example, kaempferol 3-Oalpha-L-rhamnoside has shown antihypertensive effect in both standard and hypertensive rats prolonged diuretic effect by decreasing Ca 2+ (through his elimination) and increasing of urinary excretion of Cl − and Na + [298].…”