“…Example A single‐link robot arm is considered, in which the dynamic equation is given as follows: where θ ( t ), u ( t ), and ω ( t ) are the angle position of the arm, the control input, and the perturbation input, respectively. M , , L , J , and D are the mass of the payload, the acceleration of gravity, the length of the arm, the moment of inertia, and the viscous friction, respectively.…”