Distributions of waterborne pathogens in raw wastewater based on a 14-month, multi-site monitoring campaign

Pecson, Brian M.; Darby, Emily; Danielson, Richard E.; Dearborn, Yeggie; Giovanni, George di; Jakubowski, Walter; Leddy, Menu B.; Lukasik, George; Mull, Bonnie; Nelson, Kara L.; Olivieri, Adam W.; Rock, Channah; Slifko, Theresa R.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.118170

Cited by 16 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The dilution range is consistent with Schoen et al (2017) who analyzed stormwater pathogen data collected by Bambic et al (2011). The Panel relied on the same untreated municipal wastewater dataset to represent baseline pathogen concentrations, which were then diluted to estimate treatment requirements (Pecson et al 2022). There were not sufficient empirical measurements of pathogens in stormwater to provide better estimates than the 'sewage dilution' approach.…”

Section: Stormwatermentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Jahne et al (2020) quantified norovirus and adenovirus in an onsite wastewater, providing data (n¼28) to compare against the results of the epidemiological model for onsite wastewater ( Jahne et al 2017). The onsite wastewater had a higher distribution of Norovirus GII (range: 5.2-7.9 log 10 GC/L with 11/28 detects) than the Pecson et al (2022) municipal dataset (range 3.8-7.9 log 10 GC/L with 88/122 detects), but lower concentrations of adenovirus. Review of the Kothari et al (2020) empirical building-scale data indicates that-with the exception of adenovirus-the concentrations of all pathogens of interest were lower than the municipal dataset.…”

Section: Municipal Wastewater and Onsite Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 90%

“…A set of screening criteria was used to evaluate approximately 40 papers and studies that measured pathogens in ONWS source waters (Olivieri et al 2021). The criteria for 'ideal' pathogen datasets were based on Pecson et al (2022) and Schoen et al (2017):…”

Section: Source Water Pathogen Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To estimate concentrations, the Panel relied on untreated municipal wastewater (rather than onsite wastewater) based on the following factors: (1) the lack of reliable onsite wastewater data, (2) anticipated building-scale projects serving greater than 500-1,000 people, and (3) the robust available data on waterborne pathogens in municipal wastewater. The Panel identified Pecson et al (2022) as a robust dataset including 120 culture-and molecular-based samples from five municipal wastewater facilities representing approximately 10 million people in California. The Panel also used a limited empirical dataset characterizing onsite wastewater to estimate LRTs (Kothari et al 2020) and compared the results against estimated LRTs for untreated municipal wastewater.…”

Section: Municipal Wastewater and Onsite Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To estimate LRTs for onsite wastewater, the Panel used a recent dataset that characterized pathogen concentrations in raw municipal wastewater at five facilities in California (Pecson et al 2022). This dataset was selected because it was one of the few that met the characteristics of an 'ideal' dataset.…”

Section: Municipal Wastewater and Onsite Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk-based treatment targets for onsite non-potable water systems using new pathogen data

Pecson¹,

Kaufmann²,

Sharvelle

et al. 2022

Journal of Water and Health

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Using local sources (roof runoff, stormwater, graywater, and onsite wastewater) to meet non-potable water demands can minimize potable water use in buildings and increase supply reliability. In 2017, an Independent Advisory Panel developed a risk-based framework to identify pathogen log reduction targets (LRTs) for onsite non-potable water systems (ONWSs). Subsequently, California's legislature mandated the development and adoption of regulations—including risk-based LRTs—for use in multifamily residential, commercial, and mixed-use buildings. A California Expert Panel was convened in 2021 to (1) update the LRT requirements using new, quantitative pathogen data and (2) propose treatment trains capable of meeting the updated LRTs. This paper presents the updated risk-based LRTs for multiple pathogens (viruses, protozoa, and bacteria) and an expanded set of end-uses including toilet flushing, clothes washing, irrigation, dust and fire suppression, car washing, and decorative fountains. The updated 95th percentile LRTs required for each source water, pathogen, and end-use were typically within 1-log10 of the 2017 LRTs regardless of the approach used to estimate pathogen concentrations. LRT requirements decreased with influent pathogen concentrations from wastewater to graywater to stormwater to roof runoff. Cost and footprint estimates provide details on the capital, operations and maintenance, and siting requirements for ONWS implementation.

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Section: Stormwatermentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Municipal Wastewater and Onsite Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Source Water Pathogen Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Municipal Wastewater and Onsite Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Municipal Wastewater and Onsite Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Risk-based treatment targets for onsite non-potable water systems using new pathogen data

Pecson¹,

Kaufmann²,

Sharvelle

et al. 2022

Journal of Water and Health

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Establishing pathogen log reduction value targets for direct potable reuse in the United States

Gerrity,

Crank,

Steinle‐Darling

et al. 2023

AWWA Water Science

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Communities are now turning to potable reuse to augment their water supply portfolios in response to increasing demand and climate uncertainty. One barrier to broader implementation is a lack of regulations for direct potable reuse (DPR) in some locations. An incomplete understanding of the foundation of existing DPR frameworks may be contributing to this barrier. The objective of this study was to use a publicly available quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) tool—DPRisk—to explain the basis behind California's existing indirect potable reuse regulations, California's draft DPR regulations, and an Expert Panel's response to those draft regulations. Then, leveraging a robust raw wastewater pathogen dataset from the literature, DPRisk was used to justify two alternatives: one based on maximum simulated pathogen concentrations and the other based on 97.4th percentile concentrations. The latter represents an effort to seek equivalency between “raw wastewater” (i.e., California) and “treated effluent” (i.e., Texas) approaches. Using justified QMRA assumptions, the baseline log reduction value (LRV) targets were determined to be 15/11/11 (maximum) or 13/10/10 (97.4th percentile) for viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Additionally, instead of augmenting the baseline LRVs to account for undetected treatment process failures, tolerances for off‐specification conditions (e.g., up to 3 logs for 3–12 days per year) were characterized. With this foundational knowledge, stakeholders can better understand and adopt these frameworks or use DPRisk to establish a new framework that better addresses their unique constraints, including considerations for preferred treatment paradigms and capital and operational costs.

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Aligning monitoring of virus barriers in potable reuse with unit process treatment mechanisms and time scales: A critical review and research needs

Adelman,

Oberoi,

Oppenheimer

et al. 2024

AWWA Water Science

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Interest is growing in potable reuse in response to water scarcity and the desire for sustainable supplies. While potable reuse systems must control a variety of physical, chemical, and microbiological contaminants, human enteric viruses are particularly concerning and drive process performance objectives due to their often‐high occurrence in source waters, small size, potential resistance to treatment, and laborious methods to determine infectivity. This paper reviews the alignment of online monitoring practices with the mechanisms and time scales of the various barriers for enteric viruses. While there are numerous studies and reviews of individual barriers, no other review has been identified that covers operational monitoring of the entire potable reuse system. This paper also provides a critical assessment of the efficacy of current practices for operational and verification monitoring of the integrity of barriers to enteric viruses in potable reuse systems. The prevalence of human enteric viruses in wastewater and associated challenges of quantifying them through treatment are discussed within the risk management frameworks currently in use or under development for potable reuse systems. Monitoring approaches are then reviewed throughout the potable reuse water cycle. Current monitoring practices are compared with treatment process mechanisms and time scales, for the treatment barriers of biological wastewater treatment, membrane bioreactors, microfiltration/ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet irradiation/advanced oxidation, ozonation, granular media/biologically active filtration, and chlorination. Monitoring and pathogen removal mechanisms are also reviewed for both environmental and engineered buffers. Implications are then discussed for future areas of research in potable reuse.

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Distributions of waterborne pathogens in raw wastewater based on a 14-month, multi-site monitoring campaign

Cited by 16 publications

References 20 publications

Risk-based treatment targets for onsite non-potable water systems using new pathogen data

Risk-based treatment targets for onsite non-potable water systems using new pathogen data

Establishing pathogen log reduction value targets for direct potable reuse in the United States

Aligning monitoring of virus barriers in potable reuse with unit process treatment mechanisms and time scales: A critical review and research needs

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