Distribution of Polychlorinated Naphthalene Congeners in Environmental and Source-Related Samples

Abstract

Polychlorinated naphthalene (CN) congener profiles inenvironmental and source related samples were compared graphically and byprincipal component analysis. Samples investigated included biological,sediment, water, and air samples, technical polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)and polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) formulations, as well as municipalwaste incineration (MWI) fly ash and graphite electrode sludge. Biologicalsamples showed a preferential enrichment of planar, 1,3,5,7-substitutedtetra-, penta-, and hexachlorinated congeners and most of these samplesshowed profiles that displayed some similarity to those found in thetechnical PCB formulations. Sediment samples representing diffuse pollution,i.e., sediment samples from remote sites, showed an elevatedabundance of the planar hexa- and heptaCN congeners(1,2,3,4,6,7-/1,2,3,5,6,7- and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-). The CN congener profile foundin these sediment samples and the two air samples were more similar to thetechnical PCB formulations than to the investigated MWI and graphite sludgesamples. Samples from three PCB contaminated lakes displayed similar congenerprofiles as Aroclor 1242, 1254 and Clophen A40. Two sediment samples and apike sample collected from the vicinity of a chloroalkali plant showedprofiles that were closely related to the investigated graphite electrodesludge sample. None of the environmental samples displayed profiles similarto low or medium chlorinated technical PCN (Halowax 1099, 1013, and 1014).

Dioxin-like compounds in sediments from the Daliao River Estuary of Bohai Sea: Distribution and their influencing factors

“…Among the individual congeners, PCN73, PCN30/27/39, PCN75, PCN 33/34/37, PCN-66/ 67 and PCN28/43 were the major components in sediments accounting for 15.4%, 13.9%, 13.6%, 6.9%, 6.8% and 6.6%, respectively, of the total PCN concentrations (Fig 4c). Relative higher contributions of PCN73 suggested that the chlor-alkali processes or combustion sources may be the potential sources of PCNs in our study area (Järnberg et al, 1997;Falandysz, 1998;Kannan et al, 1998).…”

Levels and distributions of polychlorinated naphthalenes in sewage sludge of urban wastewater treatment plants

“…This is in agreement with the ratios in fly ash from a municipal waste incinerator [16] , but quite different with that in Halowax mixtures, which is dominated by CN-1. CN-44, 39, 51, 54 and 70 are detected in sludge samples with low concentrations, while these congeners were not present in Halowax mixtures, therefore, they are considered as combustion-related indictor congeners [16,21] . Moreover, Järnberg et al [21] found an increase in CN-52/60, 66/67 and 73 in fly ash and a chloralkali sample compared to the Halowax 1014.…”

“…CN-44, 39, 51, 54 and 70 are detected in sludge samples with low concentrations, while these congeners were not present in Halowax mixtures, therefore, they are considered as combustion-related indictor congeners [16,21] . Moreover, Järnberg et al [21] found an increase in CN-52/60, 66/67 and 73 in fly ash and a chloralkali sample compared to the Halowax 1014. Furthermore, in the present study, the ratio of CN-73/CN-74 in HpCNs with the range of 1.8-3.1 is close to that described by Järnberg et al [22] and Gevao et al [23] for contaminations from combustion sources, but much higher than CN-73/CN-74 ratios with the range of 0.2-0.4 in Halowax mixtures [24] .…”

Polychlorinated naphthalenes in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in China

“…3), indicating that re-emission of technical CN/CB formulations might be the main sources. PCNs from household combustion such as coal and wood combustion (Wyrzykowska et al, 2009), PCNs as byproducts from chloralkali plants (Järnberg et al, 1997;Kannan et al, 1998) and PCNs existing as impurities in other industrial products (Pan et al, 2011) might also be possible contributors for the low ratios, although these sources are currently difficult to identify due to insufficient information.…”