Distribution of phthalate esters in urban soils of subtropical city, Guangzhou, China

Zeng, Feng; Cui, Kunyan; Xie, Zhiyong; Wu, Lifu; Luo, Dan; Chen, Lixuan; Lin, Yujun; Liu, Min; Sun, Gouxuan

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.029

Cited by 197 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…High PAE concentrations in vegetable soils have also been found in some previous studies (Cai et al, 2005;Guan et al, 2007;Li et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2009;Chen et al, 2011;Kong et al, 2012). The levels and variation in soil PAE concentrations are also affected by factors such as land use and soil properties (Xu et al, 2008;Zeng et al, 2009). …”

Section: Variation In Paes With Different Use Modes Of Plastic Filmsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…DnOP also exhibited elevated levels in our soils with a mean concentration of 0.22 AE 0.33 mg kg À1 , and this may have been derived from fertilizers, sediments and plastic film (Cai et al, 2007;Mo et al, 2008) and also from emission sources from the polymer industry and the production of vinyl flooring, synthetic leather, inks, adhesives and food products (Hens and Caballos, 2003;Kong et al, 2012). Longer/branching alkyl chain PAEs such as DnBP, BBP, DnOP and DEHP have been widely used as plasticizers in the polymer industry to increase the flexibility, workability and general handling properties of plastics and about 80% of all phthalates are used for this purpose (Hens and Caballos, 2003;Zeng et al, 2008Zeng et al, , 2009. By 2002, the global production of DEHP and DBP had reached 394 and 134 thousand tons, respectively (Xu et al, 2008).…”

Section: Pae Concentrations In Suburban Vegetable Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many agricultural soils have been severely degraded by agricultural activities and urban development (Zeng et al, 2009;Gu et al, 2011). Numerous studies have indicated that agricultural soils and vegetables have been contaminated by toxic pollutants (Gao et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of DnBP and DEHP in plastic film greenhouse and polytunnel soils may been influenced by differences in the use of irrigation, fertilizers and plastic film as well as meteorological conditions and external pollutant sources Cai et al, 2008;Kong et al, 2012). Soil PAEs can also lead to atmospheric or water pollution by evaporation, leaching, deposition and drainage (Xu et al, 2008;Zeng et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Wang

Luo

Teng

et al. 2013

Environmental Pollution

306

127

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a b s t r a c tThe concentrations of six priority phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in intensively managed suburban vegetable soils in Nanjing, east China, were analyzed using gas chromatographyemass spectrometry (GCeMS). The total PAE concentrations in the soils ranged widely from 0.15 to 9.68 mg kg À1 with a median value of 1.70 mg kg À1 , and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) were the most abundant phthalate esters. Soil PAE concentrations depended on the mode of use of plastic film in which PAEs were incorporated as plasticizing agents and both the plastic film and poultry manure appeared to be important sources of soil PAEs. Vegetables in rotation with flooded rice led to lower concentrations of PAEs in soil. The results indicate that agricultural plastic film can be an important source of soil PAE contamination and further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PAE contamination of intensive agricultural soils with different use modes of use of plastic film.Crown

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Section: Variation In Paes With Different Use Modes Of Plastic Filmsupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Pae Concentrations In Suburban Vegetable Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Wang

Luo

Teng

et al. 2013

Environmental Pollution

306

127

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The ratios of the sum of DEP and BBP to the 6 PAEs were less than 1.5%. The compositions of PAEs in the soils in this study were similar to those reported in other regions [11,13,16,38], where DnBP or DEHP was also the dominant compound. The reasons may be that DEHP and DnBP have a relatively high molecular mass and low solubility in water, and they are frequently rate-limiting for volatilization, biodegradation, and subsurface transport; therefore, these compounds can easily accumulate at high levels in soils.…”

Section: Concentrations Of the 6 Paes And Each Individual Pae In The supporting

confidence: 88%

Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Huang

et al. 2018

Water

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Waste/reclaimed irrigation water has been promoted due to water shortages in arid and semi-arid areas. However, this process may be one of the sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) in agricultural soils, and the potential risks of PAEs for soil ecosystems and human health have attracted considerable attention. A two-year (from October 2014 to October 2016) field experiment was conducted to assess the contamination risk of PAEs from reclaimed irrigation water in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) fields on the North China Plain. Three types of irrigation water quality were arranged for each variety, including reclaimed water, groundwater, and a mixture of reclaimed water and groundwater (1:1, v/v). The results indicate that the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in topsoil ranged from 2.79 to 5.34 mg/kg at the time of crop harvest. There was no significant effect of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in the soil. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most abundant contaminants in all soil samples, accounting for 43.2%~68.7% and 27.1%~48.6%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The levels of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and DnBP in all soil samples exceeded the allowable soil concentrations, but the levels were far below the recommended soil cleanup objectives. The grain yields of winter wheat and summer maize ranged from 4.35 to 7.1 t/ha and 1.03 to 6.46 t/ha, respectively. There were no significant effects of reclaimed water on the growth characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat (p > 0.05); however, the effect of reclaimed irrigation water on summer maize was influenced by climate. The concentrations of the 6 PAEs in wheat grain and maize grain ranged from 1.03 to 4.05 mg/kg and from 0.37 to 3.29 mg/kg, respectively. For the same variety, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in cereal grains among different treatments (p > 0.05). DEHP and DnBP were the most abundant components in most crop samples, accounting for 31.6%~77.9% and 21.1%~64.7%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The concentrations of the PAEs, DnBP and DEHP in cereal grains were lower than those in the reference doses. The BCFs of the 6 PAEs and of each PAE in cereal grains were 0.43~1.25 and 0.33~35.75, respectively. The BCFs of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) were the highest (1.41~35.75), followed by DMP and DEHP. There were almost no significant differences in the BCFs of each PAE among the three treatments. The total carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 2.82 × 10 −5 for adults and 1.81 × 10 −5 for children. The total non-carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 3.37 × 10 −1 for adults and 7.98 × 10 −1 for children. DHEP was the dominant contributor to both risks, and the intake of cereals was the main exposure pathway for the two risks. In conclusion, there were no significant effects of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in soil and cereal grains compared with groundwater irrigation, and the human health risks were within ...

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Determination of phthalate esters in soil using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method followed by GC–MS

Liu

Chen

et al. 2018

J of Separation Science

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A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe procedure was designed to extract pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables with a high percentage of water. It has not been used extensively for the extraction of phthalate esters from sediments, soils, and sludges. In this work, this procedure was combined with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry to determine 16 selected phthalate esters in soil. The extraction efficiency of the samples was improved by ultrasonic extraction and dissolution of the soil samples in ultra-pure water, which promoted the dispersion of the samples. Furthermore, we have simplified the extraction step and reduced the risk of organic solvent contamination by minimizing the use of organic solvents. Different extraction solvents and clean-up adsorbents were compared to optimize the procedure. Dichloromethane/n-hexane (1:1, v/v) and n-hexane/acetone (1:1, v/v) were selected as the extractants from the six extraction solvents tested. C18/primary secondary amine (1:1, m/m) was selected as the sorbent from the five clean-up adsorbents tested. The recoveries from the spiked soils ranged from 70.00 to 117.90% with relative standard deviation values of 0.67-4.62%. The proposed approach was satisfactorily applied for the determination of phthalate esters in 12 contaminated soil samples.

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Distribution of phthalate esters in urban soils of subtropical city, Guangzhou, China

Cited by 197 publications

References 46 publications

Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Determination of phthalate esters in soil using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method followed by GC–MS

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