Distribution of n-alkanes in partially frozen middle distillate fuels

Winkle, T.L. Van; Affens, W. A.; Beal, Erna J.; Mushrush, George W.; Hazlett, Robert N.; DeGuzman, J.

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(87)90334-6

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Jet fuel is a mixture of numerous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of n -alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloparaffins, olefins, and aromatics that vary with refinery source. Frozen jet fuel consists primarily of crystals composed of solid solutions of n -alkanes . The crystal size and shape (habit) affects the freezing process and is influenced by several factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freezing of Jet Fuel within a Buoyancy-Driven Flow in a Rectangular Optical Cell

and

Ervin

2001

Energy Fuels

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JPTS, kerosene, Jet A, and additized Jet A samples were cooled below their freeze point temperatures in a rectangular, optical cell. Images and temperature data recorded during the solidification process provided information on crystal habit, crystallization behavior, and the influence of the buoyancy-driven flow on freezing. n-Alkane composition of the samples was determined. The Jet A sample contained the least n-alkane mass. The cooling of JPTS resulted in the least wax formation, while the cooling of kerosene yielded the greatest wax formation. The JPTS and kerosene samples exhibited similar crystallization behavior and crystal habits during cooling. Low-temperature additives modified the crystal habit of the Jet A fuel. Crystal shapes and sizes were recorded for use in future computational modeling.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freezing of Jet Fuel within a Buoyancy-Driven Flow in a Rectangular Optical Cell

and

Ervin

2001

Energy Fuels

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“…Further experimental data sets are available on binary systems possibly forming mixed crystals, which means the absence of a solvent (Mazee, 1960;Sabour et al, 1995;Achour et al, 1992;Dorset, 1990;Maroncelli et al, 1985). Other data sets on real reservoir fluids or fuels (Holder and Winkler, 1965;Van Winkle et al, 1987) do not allow us to make a clear distinction between different mechanisms involved in the solid precipitation, due to characterization procedures and experimental accuracies (Erickson et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ternary System (n-Heptane + Docosane + Tetracosane): The Solubility of Mixtures of Docosane and Tetracosane in Heptane and Data on Solid−Liquid and Solid−Solid Equilibria in the Binary Subsystem (Docosane + Tetracosane)

et al. 1997

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In this paper experimental data on the solid−liquid and solid−solid equilibria in the binary system (docosane + tetracosane) and solid solubility data in the ternary system (heptane + docosane + tetracosane) are presented. For 14 binary mixtures of the two heavy alkanes, DSC measurements were performed to detect the solid−liquid and solid−solid phase transition temperatures. Solid disappearance temperatures were measured for 14 mixtures of docosane and tetracosane dissolved in various quantities of heptane. The experimental results reveal that the solubility curves found in the ternary system correspond to the phase behavior of the binary subsystem studied. At low concentrations of heptane, probably almost ideally mixed crystals are in equilibrium with the liquid phase, while at high heptane concentrations, the solid−liquid equilibrium involves most likely different nonideal solid phases.

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“…In diesel fuels, these n -alkanes are typically in the range C 24 to C 28 . Moynihan et al and Van Winkle et al , showed that n -alkanes were significantly concentrated in solids separated from partially frozen JP-5 fuels. These workers also observed that the crystalline solids entrapped large amounts of liquid fuel.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Jet Fuel Freezing by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Zabarnick¹,

Widmor²

2001

Energy Fuels

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Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the freezing of jet fuel and the effect of cold flow improving additives. We find that the cooling (freezing) exotherm is a more useful diagnostic tool for this purpose than the heating (melting) endotherm. Jet fuels (Jet A, JP-8, and Jet A-1) display a strong exotherm upon cooling between −45 and −60 °C. By the study of mixtures composed of classes of jet fuel components (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and aromatics), we find that the cooling exotherm is primarily due to the liquid−solid phase transition of the normal paraffins. Cold flow improving additives (e.g., pour point depressants) show only small effects on the DSC exotherm despite larger effects observed in cold flow devices. This indicates that these additives work primarily by affecting the habit of the n-alkane crystals. This change in crystal habit is supported by low-temperature microscopy studies.

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Distribution of n-alkanes in partially frozen middle distillate fuels

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Freezing of Jet Fuel within a Buoyancy-Driven Flow in a Rectangular Optical Cell

Freezing of Jet Fuel within a Buoyancy-Driven Flow in a Rectangular Optical Cell

The Ternary System (n-Heptane + Docosane + Tetracosane): The Solubility of Mixtures of Docosane and Tetracosane in Heptane and Data on Solid−Liquid and Solid−Solid Equilibria in the Binary Subsystem (Docosane + Tetracosane)

Studies of Jet Fuel Freezing by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

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