Distribution of Monoclonal Antibody Subgroups and Sequence-Based Types among Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Isolates Derived from Cooling Tower Water, Bathwater, and Soil in Japan

Amemura-Maekawa, Junko; Kikukawa, Kiyomi; Helbig, Jörg; Kaneko, Satoko; Suzuki-Hashimoto, Atsuko; Furuhata, Katsunori; Chang, Bin; Murai, Miyo; Ichinose, Masayuki; Ohnishi, Makoto; Kura, Fumiaki

doi:10.1128/aem.06869-11

Cited by 40 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Within the 10 Macao STs, ST1 is the predominant ST-type (9/29, 31.0%). The result was similar to the report in Japan where STI consisted of 29% of environmental isolates (16). In a recent study conducted in the United States, ST1 accounted for 25% and 49% of the number of the sporadic and environmental isolates, respectively (17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Prevalence of 7 virulence genes of Legionella strains isolated from environmental water sources of public facilities and sequence types diversity of L. pneumopila strains in Macau

Xiong

Zhao

et al. 2015

BST

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Prevalence of 7 virulence genes of Legionella strains isolated from environmental water sources of public facilities and sequence types diversity of L. pneumopila strains in Macau

Xiong

Zhao

et al. 2015

BST

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“…The use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) revealed more heterogeneity in L. pneumophila, and nine phenons reacting with different MAbs have been defined within SG1 (12). A vast majority of clinical SG1 isolates are MAb3/1 positive, but this type is significantly less frequently isolated from environmental samples (7,8,10,12,13). The introduction of molecular methods enabled a further refinement of the classification of representatives of L. pneumophila.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This species includes 15 polyclonal serogroups (SGs). Most of the clinical isolates represent SG1, which is present worldwide and is also the most commonly cultured SG from environmental samples (6,7,8,9,10,11). The use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) revealed more heterogeneity in L. pneumophila, and nine phenons reacting with different MAbs have been defined within SG1 (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplication of Legionella pneumophila Sequence Types 1, 47, and 62 in Buffered Yeast Extract Broth and Biofilms Exposed to Flowing Tap Water at Temperatures of 38°C to 42°C

Kooij

Brouwer-Hanzens

Veenendaal

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Legionella pneumophila proliferates in freshwater environments at temperatures ranging from 25 to 45°C. To investigate the preference of different sequence types (ST) for a specific temperature range, growth of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (SG1) ST1 (environmental strains), ST47, and ST62 (disease-associated strains) was measured in buffered yeast extract broth (BYEB) and biofilms grown on plasticized polyvinyl chloride in flowing heated drinking water originating from a groundwater supply. The optimum growth temperatures in BYEB were approximately 37°C (ST1), 39°C (ST47), and 41°C (ST62), with maximum growth temperatures of 42°C (ST1) and 43°C (ST47 and ST62). In the biofilm at 38°C, the ST47 and ST62 strains multiplied equally well compared to growth of the environmental ST1 strain and an indigenous L. pneumophila non-SG1 strain, all attaining a concentration of approximately 10 7 CFU/cm ؊2 . Raising the temperature to 41°C did not impact these levels within 4 weeks, but the colony counts of all strains tested declined (at a specific decline rate of 0.14 to 0.41 day ؊1 ) when the temperature was raised to 42°C. At this temperature, the concentration of Vermamoeba vermiformis in the biofilm, determined with quantitative PCR (qPCR), was about 2 log units lower than the concentration at 38°C. In columns operated at a constant temperature, ranging from 38 to 41°C, none of the tested strains multiplied in the biofilm at 41°C, in which also V. vermiformis was not detected. These observations suggest that strains of ST47 and ST62 did not multiply in the biofilm at a temperature of >41°C because of the absence of a thermotolerant host. IMPORTANCEGrowth of Legionella pneumophila in tap water installations is a serious public health concern. The organism includes more than 2,100 varieties (sequence types). More than 50% of the reported cases of Legionnaires' disease are caused by a few sequence types which are very rarely detected in the environment. Strains of selected virulent sequence types proliferated in biofilms on surfaces exposed to warm (38°C) tap water to the same level as environmental varieties and multiplied well as pure culture in a nutrient-rich medium at temperatures of 42 and 43°C. However, these organisms did not grow in the biofilms at temperatures of >41°C. Typical host amoebae also did not multiply at these temperatures. Apparently, proliferation of thermotolerant host amoebae is needed to enable multiplication of the virulent L. pneumophila strains in the environment at elevated temperatures. The detection of these amoebae in water installations therefore is a scientific challenge with practical implications. T he genus Legionella currently includes ca. 63 (sub)species (https://www.dsmz.de), at least 20 of which have been implicated in legionellosis (1). Legionella pneumophila is responsible for more than 90% of the reported cases of Legionnaires' disease (LD) in Europe (2), the United States (3), Canada (4), and Japan (5). This species includes 15 polyclonal serogroups (SGs). Most of the cli...

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“…In South Korea, ST1 was the predominant ST in isolates from cooling towers, whereas ST-K1, unique to South Korea, was the dominant ST in hot water samples (29). In Japan, ST1 was more prevalent in cooling tower water (74%) than in bathwater (12%) and was not isolated from any soil samples (28). In our study, the analysis of STs for 99 environmental isolates for which the water system type was known indicated that ST1 was the predominant ST among both cooling tower isolates and potable water isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…According to the studies of the distribution of Lp1 STs in different regions of the world, it appears that the most prevalent ST among clinical and environmental populations of Lp1 is either ST1 (8,(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32) or an ST that is confined to a specific geographic region (33)(34)(35). For example, in Belgium and the United Kingdom, the most frequently detected ST among clinical isolates was ST47 (9,35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Sequence Types among Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 in the United States from 1982 to 2012

et al. 2014

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cSince the establishment of sequence-based typing as the gold standard for DNA-based typing of Legionella pneumophila, the Legionella laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has conducted routine sequence-based typing (SBT) analysis of all incoming L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) isolates to identify potential links between cases and to better understand genetic diversity and clonal expansion among L. pneumophila bacteria. Retrospective genotyping of Lp1 isolates from sporadic cases and Legionnaires' disease (LD) outbreaks deposited into the CDC reference collection since 1982 has been completed. For this study, we compared the distribution of sequence types (STs) among Lp1 isolates implicated in 26 outbreaks in the United States, 571 clinical isolates from sporadic cases of LD in the United States, and 149 environmental isolates with no known association with LD. The Lp1 isolates under study had been deposited into our collection between 1982 and 2012. We identified 17 outbreak-associated STs, 153 sporadic STs, and 49 environmental STs. We observed that Lp1 STs from outbreaks and sporadic cases are more similar to each other than either group is to environmental STs. The most frequent ST for both sporadic and environmental isolates was ST1, accounting for 25% and 49% of the total number of isolates, respectively. The STs shared by both outbreak-associated and sporadic Lp1 included ST1, ST35, ST36, ST37, and ST222. The STs most commonly found in sporadic and outbreak-associated Lp1 populations may have an increased ability to cause disease and thus may require special attention when detected.

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Distribution of Monoclonal Antibody Subgroups and Sequence-Based Types among Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Isolates Derived from Cooling Tower Water, Bathwater, and Soil in Japan

Cited by 40 publications

References 23 publications

Prevalence of 7 virulence genes of <i>Legionella</i> strains isolated from environmental water sources of public facilities and sequence types diversity of <i>L. pneumopila</i> strains in Macau

Prevalence of 7 virulence genes of <i>Legionella</i> strains isolated from environmental water sources of public facilities and sequence types diversity of <i>L. pneumopila</i> strains in Macau

Multiplication of Legionella pneumophila Sequence Types 1, 47, and 62 in Buffered Yeast Extract Broth and Biofilms Exposed to Flowing Tap Water at Temperatures of 38°C to 42°C

Prevalence of Sequence Types among Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 in the United States from 1982 to 2012

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