“…The objective of the project was to improve the understanding of the mobilization, transport, and fate of crude oil in the shallow subsurface. Work at the Bemidji site has ranged from characterization of microscopicscale microbes-mineral interactions (Hiebert and Bennett, 1992;Bennett et al, 2000;Roberts, 2004;Rogers and Bennett, 2004) to plume-scale geochemical and microbial evolution Bennett et al, 1993;Eganhouse et al, 1993;Cozzarelli et al, 1994;Bekins et al, 1999), and has included testing of complex models of multiphase flow, reactive transport, and biodegradation (Essaid et al, 1995(Essaid et al, , 2003Curtis, 2003;Molins et al, 2010). More recent work focused on processes occurring in the vadose zone (Chaplin et al, 2002;Amos et al, 2005;Sihota and Mayer, 2012).…”