Distribution of lactate and other ions in inactive skeletal muscle: influence of hyperkalemic lactacidosis

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in intracellular ion and acid-base status resulting from the net flux of ions between perfusate and noncontracting muscle of differing fibre type in response to a perfusate that simulated the ionic conditions seen during intense exercise. Isolated rat hind limbs were perfused for 80 min with a bovine erythrocyte perfusate. Two series of experiments were performed: a normal perfusate (NP, n = 8) or a lactacidotic perfusate (LP, n = 8) that simulated arterial plasma and blood composition during intense exercise ([Lac-] = 11.0 mequiv. L-1, [K+] = 7.5 mequiv. L-1, and nonvolatile acid concentration = 71 nequiv.L-1). Net ion fluxes were determined by the arteriovenous difference across the hind limb and perfusate flow. Muscle ion concentrations were measured in the soleus (SOL), plantaris (PLT), and white gastrocnemius (WG) muscles. In the NP group, small net effluxes of K+ and Lac- from muscle were observed, but there was no net flux of Na+ or CI-. During LP, an initial rapid net influx of Lac- into muscle (151.2 +/- 9.4 mu equiv. min-1. 100 g-1 at 5 min) was followed by a steady-state net influx of 24-37 mu equiv. min-1. 100 g-1 between 20 and 60 min. During LP, net influx of Na+, CI-, and K+ was greater than during NP and average 58.0 +/- 11.2, 30.0 +/- 7.5, and 7.5 +/- 1.9 mu equiv. min-1. 100 g-1, respectively. Following LP, muscle content of Na+ (WG only) and Lac- (WG, PLT, and SOL) was increased to a greater extent than following NP. The increased [Lac-]i contributed to an elevated [H+]i only in the slow oxidative SOL, consistent with the higher concentration of Lac- transporters, lower capacity to bind protons, and better regulation of [Na+]i in slow oxidative muscles. Calculated membrane potential (Em) was unchanged with NP but decreased on average from -76.2 +/- 1.2 to 63.4 +/- 2.2 mV with LP perfusion, with no difference among fibre types. The steady-state distribution of Lac- across the sarcolemma appears to be a function of both metabolic and transport processes; specifically, Lac- distribution was not fully explained by the membrane potential nor by the nonionic distribution of HLac as determined by the transmembrane pH gradient. It is concluded that inactive skeletal muscle modifies the ionic composition of blood perfusing the muscles. However, the altered ionic composition of these muscles may compromise their function as a result of an altered membrane potential in fast and slow muscles and increased [H+]i in slow oxidative muscles.

Hematological and acid-base changes in men during prolonged exercise with and without sodium-lactate infusion

“…A net loss of cellular Cl Ϫ has also been seen from muscle perfused with elevated (11 meq/l) plasma [Lac Ϫ ], although in those experiments plasma was acidic with [H ϩ ] 71 neq/l and [HCO 3 Ϫ ] 9.2 meq/l (6). Those and the present results can be interpreted to mean that a lactate/chloride exchange by band-3 protein across the cell membrane favors cellular Cl Ϫ loss when plasma [Lac Ϫ ] is elevated (32,42).…”

“…Although the inorganic strong ions can be considered in terms of cellular transport, intracellular and extracellular [Lac Ϫ ] are functions of production, transport, and oxidation. Lactate production, transport, and removal all play integral roles in the regulation of cellular, extracellular, and whole body acid-base balance (6,17,34). Lactate shuttling and oxidation occurs both between (2) and within (4) skeletal muscle and is facilitated by the distribution of Lac Ϫ through the body by erythrocytes (26).…”