Distribution of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes (2014–2016) in Women With Genital Warts at a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in Beijing, China

Abstract

Aim:The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes among women with genital warts in the Beijing region of China. Methods: A total of 350 women diagnosed with genital warts between 2014 and 2016 were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to test for high-risk and low-risk HPV subtypes. Results: The results show that 52.6% (184/350) of cases were positive for HPV6+11. The three most common high-risk HPVs detected were HPV52, HPV16 and HPV58, detected in 12.0% (42/350), 10.6% (37/350) and 10.0% (35/350) of all cases, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that vaccines targeting HPV subtypes 6, 11, 16, 52 and 58 would have the greatest impact among sexually active women living in Beijing. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small double-stranded DNA viruses that belong to the family of papillomavirus [1]. There are as many as 170 HPV genotypes have been identified [2], and approximately 40 kinds of these types specially infect the anogenital tract [3]. Genital warts are evident skin or mucosal growths in the anogenital area display as flat, papular or pedunculated growths on the genital mucosa [4]. Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases with a high prevalence (0.5%) in Asia [5,6]. The disease results from infection with 'low-risk' HPV subtypes [7]. Infection with 'high-risk' HPV is associated with the development of precancerous lesions [8]. Treatments on genital warts are mainly divided into medications and surgery, medications include imiquimod, podophyllin, podofilox and trichloroacetic acid, surgery include freezing with liquid nitrogen, electrocautery, surgical excision and laser treatments [9,10]. Although the short-time effect of above treatment is good, the transmission rate of the related HPV infection is as high as 65%, with a high risk of recurrence [7]. Thus, effective prevention against HPV transmission and infection is essential. Accordingly, many countries have implemented HPV vaccination programs.A recent study by Chang et al. [11] indicates that the distribution of HPV subtypes differs among various regions throughout China. Comparison of other studies reporting on HPV prevalence in China indicates wide geographic variability in subtype distribution [12], thus undermining the selection of the most effective vaccine. Up to date, several vaccines have been developed to prevent HPV infection. Gardisil is a quadrivalent vaccine containing four genotypes, namely 16, 18, 6 and 11; and Cervarix (GSK) is a bivalent vaccine containing 16 and 18. In addition to providing excellent protection against the HPV types contained in the vaccine, Gardisil has also demonstrated significant cross-protection to other oncogenic types in both naive and previously infected women [13].In order to identify the distribution of HPV subtypes in the Beijing area, samples collected from women with genital warts treated at a sexually transmitted disease clinic were examined. The results will contribute to the data

High burden of human papillomavirus infection among men in Guangzhou, South China: Implications for HPV vaccination strategies

“…This retrospective study presents the inaugural estimate of genital HPV infection prevalence among outpatient men in Guangzhou, China, revealing an overall prevalence of 42.15% with variations ranging from 29.55% to 81.31% across distinct diagnostic populations. Comparisons with other regions in China indicate similarities with the 42.0% prevalence reported among men in Shandong, 18 but lower rates compared to Qingyuan (54.3%) 19 and Shanghai (58.4%), 20 and higher rates compared to Anyang (17.5%) 21 and Liuzhou (9.4%). 22 Additionally, a previous systematic review encompassing 65 HPV prevalence studies from 35 countries estimated the global overall HPV prevalence among men to be 31%, with study-specific prevalence varying widely from 1% to 84% among low-risk men and from 2% to 93% among high-risk men.…”

Global and regional estimates of genital human papillomavirus prevalence among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…We identified 5685 publications from database searches, of which 65 studies 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 comprising data from 44 769 men were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis ( figure 1 , table 1 ). No additional publications were identified from the reference lists of the selected publications identified.…”

“…The 65 studies 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 provided data from 35 countries, with 16 countries having more than one study. One SDG region (Europe and Northern America) accounted for 31 (48%) of the studies.…”

“…We estimated the global pooled prevalence for genital HPV infection among men to be 31% (95% CI 27–35) for any HPV and 21% (18–24) for HR-HPV on the basis of data from 65 studies (including 44 769 men) conducted between Jan 1, 1995, and June 1, 2022. 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 HPV-16 was the dominant HPV type (5%, 95% CI 4–7), followed by HPV-6 (4%, 3–5). The age-specific analysis showed a high prevalence of HPV in young adult men, which remained high throughout adulthood.…”

Welcome to the 14th Volume of Future Virology

“…The journal fulfilled its purpose by publishing exciting current research from the experts in the field, comprised of a varied spread representative of the fast-evolving world of virology. The top read article, at the time of writing (October 2018), was an original research article entitled 'Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes (2014-2016) in women with genital warts at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Beijing, China' written by Ma et al [1]. With the use of genotyping, this work aimed to characterize how different HPVs were distributed across Beijing in 350 females.…”