Distribution of Cryptosporidium subtypes in humans and domestic and wild ruminants in Portugal

Abstract

To investigate the transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Portugal, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum from HIV-infected patients, cattle, and wild ruminants were characterized by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene. Fourteen subtypes within nine subtype families were identified, and three of the subtype families (If, IIb, and IId) were restricted or largely limited to Portugal. Parasites from cattle from various regions in Portugal and wild ruminants in Lisbon showed limited genetic heterogeneity (only two subtype families). All wild ruminants had the same subtype, which was also the predominant subtype in cattle all over Portugal and was found in nine HIV-infected patients in Lisbon. Two other C. parvum subtypes were only restricted to limited locations. In contrast, human parasites displayed 13 subtypes in nine subtype families, with most of the infections caused by parasites in Ib, IIa, IIc, and IId families. Two of the C. parvum subtype families (IIc and IIb) had only been found in humans. The high overall parasite diversity and high percentage of C. hominis infections attributable to Ib and C. parvum infections to IId represent unique characteristics of Cryptosporidium transmission in humans in Portugal.

Determination of Cryptosporidium parvum Subtypes in Cattle in Kars Province of Turkey

“…13 . Amerika Birleşik Devletleri' nde buzağılarda zoonotik olan IIa subtip familyası ile buna bağlı altı subtip tespit edilmiş ve yaygın olan subtipin ise IIaA15G2R1 olduğu bildirilmiştir 4,12 .…”

“…Dünyada sığırlarda Cryptosporidium türlerinin moleküler karakterizasyonu çeşitli ülkelerde yapılmış ve C. parvum IIaA15G2R1, IIaA16G1R1, IIaA16G3R1, IIaA18G3R1 ve IIdA15G1 subtipleri belirlenmiştir 4,[7][8][9][10][11][12] . Bunlardan C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 subtipi hem insan ve hemde sığırlar-da bildirilmiştir 13,14 .…”

Investigation of Potential Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidiosis in Southern India

“…This subgenotype has been reported in humans, including a child with diarrhea from India, and could potentially be zoonotically transmitted. 12,19 Interestingly, a study from Spain has reported that the IId subtype is more common in goat kids than any other subgenotype. 20 The C. hominis isolate that could not be genotyped was confirmed by sequencing the SSU ribosomal RNA PCR product (Genbank accession no.…”

Glycoprotein 60 Diversity in Cryptosporidium parvum Causing Human and Cattle Cryptosporidiosis in the Rural Region of Northern Tunisia

“…In fact, this variant is frequently observed in C. parvum populations worldwide and has been widely reported in zoonotic infections. 1 As a risk factor for human cryptosporidiosis, contact with cattle was implicated in the neighboring countries, such as Egypt and Spain, 4,19 as well as the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, and Australia. [20][21][22][23] However, in our study, taking into account the age of children and their kind of life (human settlement), contact with livestock is possible; however, drinking raw (unpasteurized) milk may also represent a probable risk factor for Cryptosporidium transmission in this area.…”

“…Subgenotyping of C. parvum isolates was performed using nested PCR to amplify a fragment of the gp60 gene as described elsewhere. 1,7 Briefly, two-step nested PCR was used. AL3531 (5 -ATAGTCTCCGCTGTATTC-3 ) and AL3535 (5 -GGA AGGAACGATGTATCT-3 ) primers were used for the firstround PCR and AL3532 (5 -TCCGCTGTATTCTCAGCC-3 ) and AL3534 (5 -GCAGAACCAGCATC-3 ) primers were used for the second-round PCR to amplify a 840-bp fragment.…”