Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the brain of anuran (Rana perezi,Xenopus laevis) and urodele (Pleurodeles waltl) amphibians

Marı́n, Oscar; Smeets, Wilhelmus J. A. J.; González, Agustı́n

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970616)382:4<499::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-y

Cited by 146 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 168 publications

(330 reference statements)

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“…Among other vertebrates, cholinergic fibers have been reported in the olfactory bulb only in zebrafish (Edwards et al 2007), in anuran and urodele amphibians (Marín et al 1997), and in macaque monkeys (Porteros et al 2007). The absence of cholinergic cells in the olfactory bulbs seems to be a shared character among vertebrates, with the exception of the lesser spotted dogfish, where there is one ChAT-ir cell population around the olfactory glomeruli and another in the granular layer of the olfactory bulb .…”

Section: Localization Of Chat-ir Elements In the Forebrain Of Lungfissupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Finally, we have made an attempt to frame the cholinergic cell populations in lungfishes within the current segmental interpretation of the brain (Fig. 9), because this approach has been followed for representatives of many vertebrate classes and allows a direct comparison of topological relationships between homologous ChAT-ir groups across vertebrates (Medina et al 1993;Medina and Reiner 1994;Marín et al 1997;Anadón et al 2000;Pombal et al 2001;González et al 2002a;Mueller et al 2004). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organization of the cholinergic systems in the brain of two lungfishes, Protopterus dolloi and Neoceratodus forsteri

et al. 2011

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Lungfishes (dipnoans) are currently considered the closest living relatives of tetrapods. The organization of the cholinergic systems in the brain has been carefully analyzed in most vertebrate groups, and major shared characteristics have been described, although traits particular to each vertebrate class have also been found. In the present study, we provide the first detailed information on the distribution of cholinergic cell bodies and fibers in the central nervous system in two representative species of lungfishes, the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi) and the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri), as revealed by immunohistochemistry against the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Distinct groups of ChAT immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) cells were observed in the basal telencephalon, habenula, isthmic nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, cranial nerve motor nuclei, and the motor column of the spinal cord, and these groups seem to be highly conserved among vertebrates. In lungfishes, the presence of a cholinergic cell group in the thalamus and the absence of ChAT-ir cells in the tectum are variable traits, unique to this group and appearing several times during evolution. Other characters were observed exclusively in Neoceratodus, such as the presence of cholinergic cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the pretectal region and the superior raphe nucleus. Cholinergic fibers were found in the medial pallium, basal telencephalon, thalamus and prethalamus, optic tectum and interpeduncular nucleus. Comparison of these results with those from other classes of vertebrates, including a segmental analysis to correlate cell populations, reveals that the cholinergic systems in lungfishes largely resemble those of amphibians and other tetrapods.

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Section: Localization Of Chat-ir Elements In the Forebrain Of Lungfissupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organization of the cholinergic systems in the brain of two lungfishes, Protopterus dolloi and Neoceratodus forsteri

et al. 2011

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“…The mHb-IPN tract is a major cholinergic system across vertebrates (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11); however, it is still unresolved whether this pathway is cholinergic in zebrafish. Cholinergic neurons are defined by the presence of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), which synthesizes ACh from choline and acetyl CoA, and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), which packages ACh into synaptic vesicles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 81%

Cholinergic left-right asymmetry in the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway

Hong

Santhakumar

Akitake

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The habenulo-interpeduncular pathway, a highly conserved cholinergic system, has emerged as a valuable model to study leftright asymmetry in the brain. In larval zebrafish, the bilaterally paired dorsal habenular nuclei (dHb) exhibit prominent left-right differences in their organization, gene expression, and connectivity, but their cholinergic nature was unclear. Through the discovery of a duplicated cholinergic gene locus, we now show that choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter homologs are preferentially expressed in the right dHb of larval zebrafish. Genes encoding the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits α2 and β4 are transcribed in the target interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), suggesting that the asymmetrical cholinergic pathway is functional. To confirm this, we activated channelrhodopsin-2 specifically in the larval dHb and performed whole-cell patchclamp recording of IPN neurons. The response to optogenetic or electrical stimulation of the right dHb consisted of an initial fast glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic current followed by a slowrising cholinergic current. In adult zebrafish, the dHb are divided into discrete cholinergic and peptidergic subnuclei that differ in size between the left and right sides of the brain. After exposing adults to nicotine, fos expression was activated in subregions of the IPN enriched for specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. Our studies of the newly identified cholinergic gene locus resolve the neurotransmitter identity of the zebrafish habenular nuclei and reveal functional asymmetry in a major cholinergic neuromodulatory pathway of the vertebrate brain.ateralization of brain function is found throughout the animal kingdom, yet knowledge of the underlying neural bases for left-right (L-R) specializations is limited. Multiple developmental mechanisms could account for differential neural activity, including asymmetry in cell number or density, in specification of neuronal types, or in connectivity. Increasing evidence suggests that L-R differences in neurotransmitter distribution also play an important role in lateralized behaviors.The bilaterally paired habenular nuclei (Hb) of zebrafish provide a valuable model to study brain asymmetry. In larvae, the dorsal habenulae (dHb) [equivalent to medial habenular nuclei (mHb) of mammals] exhibit pronounced L-R differences in size, molecular properties, and connections with their midbrain target, the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) (1-3). The Hb-IPN pathway connects limbic areas of the forebrain and midbrain (4), and has been implicated in nicotine addiction in mammals (5).The mHb-IPN tract is a major cholinergic system across vertebrates (6-11); however, it is still unresolved whether this pathway is cholinergic in zebrafish. Cholinergic neurons are defined by the presence of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), which synthesizes ACh from choline and acetyl CoA, and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), which packages ACh into synaptic vesicles. The chat and vacht genes are situa...

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“…By striking contrast to the case of the SP, Lhx7 expansion is maintained in the po of cavefish relative to surface fish. The po is another cholinergic region in mammals and also contains cholinergic neurons in fish and other nonmammalian vertebrates (Marin et al, 1997;Pombal et al, 2001;Rodriguez-Moldes et al, 2002). Moreover, in fish, the po projects to the olfactory bulbs (Folgueira et al, 2004), and these projections might represent the fish counterpart of the pathway from basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei of the diagonal band onto the olfactory bulbs of mammals (Shipley, 1985).…”

Section: Shh and Cell Proliferation: A Bigger Hypothalamus In Cavefishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanded expression of Sonic Hedgehog inAstyanaxcavefish:multiple consequences on forebrain development and evolution

Menuet

Alunni²,

Joly³

et al. 2007

Development

112

132

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Ventral midline Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signalling is crucial for growth and patterning of the embryonic forebrain. Here, we report how enhanced Shh midline signalling affects the evolution of telencephalic and diencephalic neuronal patterning in the blind cavefish Astyanax mexicanus, a teleost fish closely related to zebrafish. A comparison between cave-and surface-dwelling forms of Astyanax shows that cavefish display larger Shh expression in all anterior midline domains throughout development. This does not affect global forebrain regional patterning, but has several important consequences on specific regions and neuronal populations. First, we show expanded Nkx2.1a expression and higher levels of cell proliferation in the cavefish basal diencephalon and hypothalamus. Second, we uncover an Nkx2.1b-Lhx6-GABA-positive migratory pathway from the subpallium to the olfactory bulb, which is increased in size in cavefish. Finally, we observe heterochrony and enlarged Lhx7 expression in the cavefish basal forebrain. These specific increases in olfactory and hypothalamic forebrain components are Shh-dependent and therefore place the telencephalic midline organisers in a crucial position to modulate forebrain evolution through developmental events, and to generate diversity in forebrain neuronal patterning.

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Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the brain of anuran (Rana perezi,Xenopus laevis) and urodele (Pleurodeles waltl) amphibians

Cited by 146 publications

References 168 publications

Organization of the cholinergic systems in the brain of two lungfishes, Protopterus dolloi and Neoceratodus forsteri

Organization of the cholinergic systems in the brain of two lungfishes, Protopterus dolloi and Neoceratodus forsteri

Cholinergic left-right asymmetry in the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway

Expanded expression of Sonic Hedgehog inAstyanaxcavefish:multiple consequences on forebrain development and evolution

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