Distribution of Breast Density in Iranian Women and its Association with Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Rahmani, Maryam; Ahmadinejad, Nasrin; Movahedinia, Sajjadeh; Movahedinia, Samaneh; Naieni, Kourosh Holakouie; Gity, Masumeh

doi:10.5812/ircmj.16615

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Moreover, high breast density was more frequent in Vietnamese women than low breast density (BI-RADS 1%-8.3%, BI-RADS 2%-19.9%, BI-RADS 3%-43.2%, BI-RADS 4%-28.6%). This could be explained by the fact that Asian women’s breasts are known to be more dense than those of westernized women [ 17 ]; therefore, there can be a high degree of density even in non-cancer women when compared with normalized figures from other countries, and the difference between the number of cancer and normal cases in high breast density groups might not be as substantial as in a Caucasian population. Another possible reason is that the cases in this study were retrieved from both screening and diagnostic populations in oncology hospitals, while other studies have often obtained their data from mammographic screening services.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Female Breast Cancer in Vietnam: A Case-Control Study

et al. 2017

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PurposeRates of women with breast cancer have increased rapidly in recent years in Vietnam, with over 10,000 new patients contracting the disease every year. This study was conducted to identify demographic, reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer in Vietnam.Materials and MethodsBreast density, demographic, reproductive and lifestyle data of 269 women with breast cancer and 519 age-matched controls were collected in the two largest oncology hospitals in Vietnam (one in the north and one in the south). Baseline differences between cases and controls in all women, premenopausal and postmenopausal women were assessed using chi-squared tests and independent t tests. Conditional logistic regression was used to derive odds ratios (OR) for factors that had statistically significant associations with breast cancer.ResultsVietnamese women with breast cancer were significantly more likely to have a breast density > 75% (OR, 1.7), be younger than 14 years at first menstrual period (OR, 2.2), be postmenopausal (OR, 2.0), have less than three pregnancies (OR, 2.1), and have less than two babies (OR, 1.7). High breast density (OR, 1.6), early age at first menstrual period (OR, 2.6), low number of pregnancies (OR, 2.3), hormone use (OR, 1.8), and no physical activities (OR, 2.2) were significantly associated with breast cancer among premenopausal women, while breast density (OR, 2.0), age at first menstrual period (OR, 1.8), number of pregnancies (OR, 2.3), and number of live births (OR, 2.4) were the risk factors for postmenopausal women.ConclusionBreast density, age at first menarche, menopause status, number of pregnancies, number of babies born, hormone use and physical activities were significantly associated with breast cancer in Vietnamese women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Female Breast Cancer in Vietnam: A Case-Control Study

et al. 2017

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“…The IFN-γ level may be increased by the diet, resulting in long-term pressure of high IFN-γ levels in some individuals. During lactation, mammary epithelial cells have a strong metabolism, the lobules of the mammary glands expand and the tissue density is increased; thus, mammary glands have an increased risk of pathogenesis ( Ahmadinejad et al, 2013 ). In the present study, the free amino acid analysis showed that IFN-γ treatment resulted in a rapid decrease in the intracellular free arginine concentration and also induced autophagy in primary BMECs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arginine Supplementation Recovered the IFN-γ-Mediated Decrease in Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis by Inhibiting the GCN2/eIF2α Pathway, Which Induces Autophagy in Primary Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Xia,

Che,

Gao

et al. 2016

Molecules and Cells

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During the lactation cycle of the bovine mammary gland, autophagy is induced in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) as a cellular homeostasis and survival mechanism. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is an important antiproliferative and apoptogenic factor that has been shown to induce autophagy in multiple cell lines in vitro. However, it remains unclear whether IFN-γ can induce autophagy and whether autophagy affects milk synthesis in BMECs. To understand whether IFN-γ affects milk synthesis, we isolated and purified primary BMECs and investigated the effect of IFN-γ on milk synthesis in primary BMECs in vitro. The results showed that IFN-γ significantly inhibits milk synthesis and that autophagy was clearly induced in primary BMECs in vitro within 24 h. Interestingly, autophagy was observed following IFN-γ treatment, and the inhibition of autophagy can improve milk protein and milk fat synthesis. Conversely, upregulation of autophagy decreased milk synthesis. Furthermore, mechanistic analysis confirmed that IFN-γ mediated autophagy by depleting arginine and inhibiting the general control nonderepressible-2 kinase (GCN2)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) signaling pathway in BMECs. Then, it was found that arginine supplementation could attenuate IFN-γ-induced autophagy and recover milk synthesis to some extent. These findings may not only provide a novel measure for preventing the IFN-γ-induced decrease in milk quality but also a useful therapeutic approach for IFN-γ-associated breast diseases in other animals and humans.

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“…Several studies have been done to explain the association of breastfeeding and parity with breast cancer [4,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. For instance, Dall et al [33] found that parity in younger pregnancies decreases breast cancer risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%