The Association of Parity and Breastfeeding with Breast Cancer: A Review

Babalou, Arezou

doi:10.21767/1791-809x.1000488

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Meta-analytic surveys focusing on breast cancer and reproductive variables in population-based studies confirmed that nulliparity, lactation and late age at first birth are significant independent determinants of breast cancer risk. 41,42 On the other hand, other studies from developing countries failed to emphasize that the age factor specifically at first child birth was significant. 43 Among African-American patients, it was documented that age had a dual effect on parity as a risk factor; increasing the risk in women younger than 45 years and decreasing it among those 45 years and older; thus highlighting some of the factors responsible for the observed variations in the incidence of breast cancer in these societies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Demographic and clinical profiles of female patients diagnosed with breast cancer in Iraq

Alwan

Tawfeeq

Mallah

2019

J. Contemp. Med. Sci.

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Objective To highlight the main demographic characteristics and clinical profiles of female patients registered with breast cancer in Iraq; focusing on the impact of age.Methods This retrospective study enrolled 1172 female patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer at the Main Center for Early Detection of Breast Cancer/Medical City Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. Data were extracted from an established information system, developed by the principal author under supervision of WHO, that was based on valid clinical records of Iraqi patients affected by breast cancer. The recorded information regarding clinical examination comprised positive palpable lumps, bloody nipple discharge, skin changes, bilateral breast involvement, tumor size, lymph node status, and the stage of the disease.Results The mean age at the presentation was 51 years; patients under the age of 50 constituted 46.8%. Overall 9.8% were not married, 22.4% were illiterate whereas 19.2% graduated from universities. About 72% of the patients had more than two children, merely 7.5% delivered their first child after the age of 35 years and only 11% were nulliparous. History of lactation and hormonal therapy was recorded in 57.6% and 19.4% respectively. Family history of cancer was positive in 28.8% and breast cancer specifically in 18.7%. Clinically, the most common presenting symptom was breast lumps (95%) followed by skin changes/ulcerations (6.7%) and bloody nipple discharge (4.3%).Bilateral breast involvement was encountered in 4.7%. More than two-thirds of the patients (68.2%) had palpable axillary lymph nodes; classifying 40.5% into advanced stages III and IV. In general stages Iâ€“IV comprised 12%, 47.5%, 31.9%, and 8.6% respectively. Upon stratifying the studied sample with respect to age at diagnosis, it was observed that the frequency of unmarried patients was significantly higher among younger women under the age of 50 years, whereas illiteracy and nulliparity features were statistically lower (p < 0.05).Conclusion A considerable proportion of breast cancer patients in Iraq still present with locally advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. That justifies the necessity to promote public awareness educational campaigns to strengthen our national early detection program. Excluding the marital status, level of education and number of parity, there was no statistical difference regarding the impact of age on the demographic and clinical profiles of breast cancer among premenopausal versus postmenopausal Iraqi patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Demographic and clinical profiles of female patients diagnosed with breast cancer in Iraq

Alwan

Tawfeeq

Mallah

2019

J. Contemp. Med. Sci.

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“…On the contrary, it was also reported that multiparity appeared to increase the threat of ER/PR/HER2 negative BC. 26 However, the study 27 also revealed that parity increases the risk of hormone receptor-negative BC, whereas breastfeeding lowers the risk or lessens the unfavourable effect of parity. This is inconsistent with the current research; we had more hormone positive and HER2/neu negative tumours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hormonal and genetic risk factors for breast cancer in a subset of the Karachi population

Shaikh

Alamgir

Ahmed

2022

Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences

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“…With an increase in the production of prolactin, women are less exposed to ER. 30 Other studies have stated that the blood ER levels of nursing women gradually increase after the last birth and continue to increase for several years until they reach the nulliparous state. 3 A study in 2002 analyzed the role of reproductive factors in breast cancer occurrence.…”

Section: Prolonged Interval Between Menarche and First Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 98%

Reproductive Factors and Breast Cancer Risk

Tarannum¹,

Pittala²,

Deekshitha³

et al. 2019

Int J Med Rev

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A neoplasm, also referred to as a tumor, is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and remains in the same excessive manner even after removal of the stimuli which evoked the changes. Tumors may be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors remain localized and are amenable to surgical removal, whereas malignant tumors, i.e. cancerous ones, adhere to any part in an obstinate manner, often invade surrounding tissue, and metastasize to distinct sites. Breast cancer occupies second place as the most occurring cancer in terms of incidence. Breast cancer is a heterogenous cancer, mostly linked with reproductive and hormonal factors in its occurrence. Nulliparous, younger age at menarche, early age pregnancy, older age at first live birth, late menopause, prolonged interval between menarche and first pregnancy, repeated abortions, first pregnancy after 35 years, and no/less breastfeeding are major risk factors for breast malignancies. Recent studies have shown that the implications of reproductive and hormonal factors in patients with breast cancer are associated mostly with BRCA1 (breast cancer gene 1) and BRCA2 (breast cancer gene 2) gene mutations.

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The Association of Parity and Breastfeeding with Breast Cancer: A Review

Abstract: Background: The association between parity and breastfeeding with breast cancer is still conflicting. Therefore, we did an analysis to summarize the recent studies of breast cancer with the subject of parity and breast-feeding.

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Demographic and clinical profiles of female patients diagnosed with breast cancer in Iraq

Demographic and clinical profiles of female patients diagnosed with breast cancer in Iraq

Hormonal and genetic risk factors for breast cancer in a subset of the Karachi population

Reproductive Factors and Breast Cancer Risk

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