Distribution and Source of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tieling City, Liaoning Province, a Typical Local City in Northeast China

Abstract

Airborne particulates were collected in three different size fractions (¤7 μm; 2.1-7 μm; ⁄2.1 μm) by using Andersen low-volume air samplers at three sites in Tieling city, Liaoning Province, a typical local city in northeast China, in every season during the period from July 2003 to May 2004. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and seven nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in the airborne particulates were determined by HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection, respectively. The mean total concentrations of the nine PAHs and seven NPAHs were highest at The mixed residential and light industrial site, and lowest at the residential site near the suburbs. At all sites, more than 70% of the total PAHs and more than 60% of the total NPAHs were found in the finest particulate (⁄2.1 μm) fraction. Both cluster analysis and several diagnostic ratios showed that the major contributors of PAHs and NPAHs in airborne particulates were coal combustion systems such as domestic stoves and coal boilers in all seasons in Tieling city.

Recent analytical methods for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives

“…Previous reports have been carried out with medium volume samples (100 L/min) and personal sampler impactors (5 L/min) (Mohammed et al, ; Wang, J.Z., et al, ). The use of other multi‐staged cascades was also reported (Kawanaka, Matsumoto, Sakamoto, Wang, & Yun, ; Tang et al, ).…”

“…Several higher‐level NPAHs (2‐nitrofluorene, 9‐nitroanthracene, 9‐nitrophenanthrene, 3‐nitrofluoranthene, 1‐nitropyrene, 2,7‐dinitrofluorene, 7‐nitrobenz[ a ]anthracene and 6‐nitrochrysene) in the atmosphere could be collected by using a low‐volume air sampler (38 L/min, 24 h) (Tutino, Di Gilio, Laricchiuta, Assennato, & de Gennaro, ). On the other hand, because the concentrations of PAHs are usually higher than those of their corresponding NPAHs (Hayakawa, ; Nassar et al, ; Tang et al, ), either low‐ or high‐volume air samplers can be used. At high‐level pollution sites such as an industrial workplace (Chaspoul, Barban, & Gallice, ) or kitchen (Chen et al, ), personal samplers (1–3 L/min) have been used to collect particulate‐bound PAHs, NPAHs and oxygenated derivatives.…”

“…The partition of PAHs and NPAHs between gas and particulate phases in the atmosphere depends on several factors such as the vapor pressure, temperature, atmospheric pressure and the concentration and properties of dust (Keller & Terry, 1984;Yamasaki, Kuwata, & Miyamoto, 1982). In the atmosphere, PAHs having two rings exist in the gas phase, PAHs having five rings or more exist in the particle phase and PAHs having three and four rings are in both phases (Araki et al, 2009). For the sampling of particulate-bound PAHs and NPAHs, PM 2.5 air samplers equipped with quartz, glass and Teflon filters have been commonly used (Goriaux et al, 2006;Hattori et al, 2007;Omar, Abas Bin, Ketuly, & Tahir, 2002;Santos et al, 2016;Tang et al, 2011).…”

Environmental Behaviors and Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

“…Although there were a small difference in the order of cities, the PAH and NPAH concentrations in the four countries were in the order, China>Russia>Korea=Japan. It must be emphasized that the atmospheric PAH concentrations in China were much higher than those in Japan, suggesting that the urban atmosphere in China was very much polluted with PMcontaining PAHs [19][20][21][22][23] (Fig. 7).…”

Seawater Polluted with Highly Concentrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Suppresses Osteoblastic Activity in the Scales of Goldfish,Carassius auratus

“…NPAHs were analyzed by HPLC with chemiluminescence detection with several modifications in accordance with our laboratory detection method (Tang et al, 2009;Nassar et al, 2012Nassar et al, , 2015. The HPLC system consisted of two analytical columns (both Cosmosil 5C18-MS, 4.6 i.d.…”