Distribution and persistence of emamectin benzoate at efficacious concentrations in pine tissues after injection of a liquid formulation

Abstract

In an earlier paper the authors reported the creation of a novel emamectin benzoate 40 g litre −1 liquid formulation (Shot Wan Liquid Formulation). The injection of this formulation exerted a preventative effect against the pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, and this effect lasted for at least 3 years. The present study was carried out to show experimentally that the marked effect of this formulation was due to the presence and persistence in pine tissues of sufficient amounts of emamectin benzoate to inhibit nematode propagation. A cleanup procedure prior to quantitative analysis of emamectin benzoate by fluorescence HPLC was devised. The presence of the compound in concentrations sufficient to inhibit nematode propagation in the shoots of current growth and its persistence for 3 years explained the marked preventative effect. Non-distribution of emamectin benzoate in some parts of the lower trunk suggested that the formulation should be injected at several points for large trees in order to distribute the compound uniformly to lower branches.

Safety and efficacy of emamectin benzoate to treat Anguillicoloides crassus (Kuwahara, Niimi & Itagaki) infections in American eels, Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur)

“…2011). This antiparasitic agent has also been studied for the control of a nematode parasite affecting pine trees (Takai, Suzuki & Kawazu 2004). However, the efficacy of emamectin benzoate in the treatment of nematodes targeting fish has not been discussed in the peer‐reviewed literature.…”

Spatial and temporal distribution of trunk‐injected 14C‐imidacloprid in Fraxinus trees

“…The degree to which xylem flow is sectored or integrated may impact upon the distribution of xylem‐mobile insecticides applied via trunk injection 18, 19. For example, Takai et al 20 found that emamectin benzoate followed a spiral ascent pattern when injected into the trunks of Pinus densiflora trees.…”

Evaluations of emamectin benzoate and propiconazole for protecting individual Pinus contorta from mortality attributed to colonization by Dendroctonus ponderosae and associated fungi

“…Takai et al analyzed twigs from Japanese black pine, P . thunbergii Palatore, and Japanese red pine, P .…”