Distribution and Neurochemistry of the Porcine Ileocaecal Valve Projecting Sensory Neurons in the Dorsal Root Ganglia and the Influence of Lipopolysaccharide from Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. on the Chemical Coding of DRG Neurons in the Cell Cultures

Mikołajczyk, Anita; Kozłowska, Anna; Gonkowski, Sławomir

doi:10.3390/ijms19092551

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Our previous in vitro observations confirmed that LPS shows differences in activity to SP and GAL even within particular serotypes of Salmonella spp. [ 53 ]. Therefore, considerations of different LPS biological activity depending on various bacterial sources and long-term consequences of LPS different doses must be considered in a research strategy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmunological Implications of Subclinical Lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis

Mikołajczyk

Złotkowska

2018

IJMS

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Mounting evidence has indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is implicated in neuroimmunological responses, but the body’s response to subclinical doses of bacterial endotoxin remains poorly understood. The influence of a low single dose of LPS from Salmonella Enteritidis, which does not result in any clinical symptoms of intoxication (subclinical lipopolysaccharide), on selected cells and signal molecules of the neuroimmune system was tested. Five juvenile crossbred female pigs were intravenously injected with LPS from S. Enteritidis (5 μg/kg body weight (b.w.)), while five pigs from the control group received sodium chloride in the same way. Our data demonstrated that subclinical LPS from S. Enteritidis increased levels of dopamine in the brain and neuropeptides such as substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and active intestinal peptide (VIP) in the cervical lymph nodes with serum hyperhaptoglobinaemia and reduction of plasma CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes seven days after lipopolysaccharide administration. CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes from the cervical lymph node and serum interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor α showed no significant differences between the control and lipopolysaccharide groups. Subclinical lipopolysaccharide from S. Enteritidis can affect cells and signal molecules of the neuroimmune system. The presence of subclinical lipopolysaccharide from S. Enteritidis is associated with unknown prolonged consequences and may require eradication and a deeper search into the asymptomatic carrier state of Salmonella spp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmunological Implications of Subclinical Lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis

Mikołajczyk

Złotkowska

2018

IJMS

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“…To date, preclinical CFS studies mainly used LPS-, poly I:C-, or chronic stress-induced animal models [18,28]. For LPS model, we used LPS originated from Escherichia coli (O111:B4), which is known to induce the illness-like symptoms [29,30]. The LPS dose (3 mg/kg) and time duration (24 h after injection) were chosen based on the concerns about non-response versus septic shock [31,32] and peak time of locomotor impairment [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Adrenalectomy Mouse Model Reflecting Clinical Features for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

et al. 2020

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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is one of the most intractable diseases and is characterized by severe central fatigue that impairs even daily activity. To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms are uncertain and no therapies exist. Therefore, a proper animal model reflecting the clinical features of CFS is urgently required. We compared two CFS animal models most commonly used, by injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4) or polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), along with bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) as another possible model. Both LPS- and poly I:C-injected mice dominantly showed depressive behaviors, while ADX led to fatigue-like performances with high pain sensitivity. In brain tissues, LPS injection notably activated microglia and the 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)1A receptor in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Poly I:C-injection also remarkably activated the 5-HT transporter and 5-HT1A receptor with a reduction in serotonin levels in the brain. ADX particularly activated astrocytes and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) 1 in all brain regions. Our results revealed that LPS and poly I:C animal models approximate depressive disorder more closely than CFS. We suggest that ADX is a possible method for establishing a mouse model of CFS reflecting clinical features, especially in neuroendocrine system.

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“…It is known that LPS is not homogeneous [170]. Additionally, studies have found that structural and chain length differences in LPS between serotypes of Salmonella are sufficient to drive different host immune responses [171][172][173]. S. Typhimurium uses PbgA and PmrA/Pmrb system to influence LPS assembly and drive variable host Type I IFN responses for their survival in various ecological niches [157,[173][174][175].…”

Section: Escape Of Innate Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape

et al. 2020

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Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.

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Distribution and Neurochemistry of the Porcine Ileocaecal Valve Projecting Sensory Neurons in the Dorsal Root Ganglia and the Influence of Lipopolysaccharide from Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. on the Chemical Coding of DRG Neurons in the Cell Cultures

Cited by 9 publications

References 83 publications

Neuroimmunological Implications of Subclinical Lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis

Neuroimmunological Implications of Subclinical Lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis

An Adrenalectomy Mouse Model Reflecting Clinical Features for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape

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