Distribution and Health Hazards of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Egyptian Milk and Dairy-Based Products

Abstract

In a market-basket study conducted in Cairo, Egypt, the most commonly consumed milk products were sampled and the contents of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer detector. The obtained data showed that the total amount of 13 PAHs was within the range of 1.3–8.2 µg/g. The results proved that the, highest mean levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in powdered milk (8.2 μg/g) followed by ultra-heat treatment milk and milk beverages (6.07 μg/g). The lowest level was detected in unsmoked cheese and yogurt (1.3 μg/g). Estimated daily intake (EDI) was used to estimate the carcinogenic risk. The total mean estimated daily intake for children in different age categories (1–10 years) was calculated with respect to benzo[a]pyrene, which ranged from 0.058 to 0.31 mg/day. The total mean value of EDI for the sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs in terms of benzo[a]pyrene ranged from 0.61 to 1.22 mg/day in all age categories. These results were higher than the critical limit set by the European Food Safety Authority. Therefore, there should be concerns regarding the effects of the consumption of different milk products on the local population.

Detection of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (I-PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cow milk from selected areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh and potential human health risks assessment

“…Various researchers throughout the world have detected the presence of PAHs and PCBs in protein source foodstuffs [28] , [71] , [72] , [73] . Higher concentration of chrysene (12.56 ± 19.17 ng/g) and small quantity of benz(a)anthracene (0.30 ± 0.46 ng/g) was detected in cow milk of southern Italy [74] while in Egypt, sum of 13 PAHs was detected in the range of 1.3–8.2 ng/g [75] . Similarly, in Mexico, the total amount of detected PAHs did not exceed the permissible limit [76] .…”

Persistent Organic Pollutants and Fatty Acid Profile in a Typical Cheese from Extensive Farms: First Assessment of Human Exposure by Dietary Intake

“…The animals can be exposed to PAHs mainly by the inhalation of particulate matter, intake of dietary food, and contact with any other materials contaminated by PAHs (such as soil, which could be more contaminated than fodder and daily ingested in a percentage from 1 to 30 % by grazing the pasture) [ 7 ]. These pollutants are largely excreted in urine or faeces in a hydroxylated form, due to the metabolization process, but are also absorbed in the body [ 76 , 77 ]. After the animal exposure to PAHs, due to their lipophilicity, these can be accumulated in animal adipose tissue and milk relative to the complex mobilisation process of energetic animal resources during the lactation and the gestation periods [ 76 , 78 ] and, consequently, transferred in cheeses.…”

“…These pollutants are largely excreted in urine or faeces in a hydroxylated form, due to the metabolization process, but are also absorbed in the body [ 76 , 77 ]. After the animal exposure to PAHs, due to their lipophilicity, these can be accumulated in animal adipose tissue and milk relative to the complex mobilisation process of energetic animal resources during the lactation and the gestation periods [ 76 , 78 ] and, consequently, transferred in cheeses. In the present study, as described above, the low molecular-weight PAHs (PAH LMW ) in cheeses were greater than the high molecular-weight ones (PAH HMW ) for different reasons.…”

Greener Monolithic Solid Phase Extraction Biosorbent Based on Calcium Cross-Linked Starch Cryogel Composite Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles for Benzo(a)pyrene Analysis

“…Full scan spectrum analysis was used to obtain the full mass spectra of BaP, while a selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used for BaP quantification. An abundance of quantifier ion (m/z 252) at a BaP retention time (8.48 min) was used to establish its calibration graph, while m/z 250, and 252 were used as qualifier ions [43,47].…”