Distribution and Excretion Studies in Dogs Exposed to an Aerosol Containing Polonium-210

Smith, Frank A.; Morrow, Paul E.; Gibb, F.R.; Rosa, R.J. Della; Casarett, Louis J.; Scott, J.K.; Morken, Donald A.; Stannard, J. N.

doi:10.1080/00028896109343395

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The value of f r is lower, which might reflect a difference resulting from the method of administration, or a higher proportion of colloidal material in the inhalation experiment. The value of s r (rounded to 2 d −1 ) was therefore used in the analyses of results of other experiments with similar forms of polonium, but for which there were insufficient data to define s r . (547) Smith et al. (1961) determined the distribution of 210 Po at approximately 1, 4, and 5 months after inhalation by six dogs of polonium hydroxide colloid (neutralised 210 Po chloride) carried on a sodium chloride vector aerosol (count median diameter = 0.04 µm), similar to that inhaled by rats (Casarett, 1964).…”

Section: Polonium (Z = 84)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(547) Smith et al. (1961) determined the distribution of 210 Po at approximately 1, 4, and 5 months after inhalation by six dogs of polonium hydroxide colloid (neutralised 210 Po chloride) carried on a sodium chloride vector aerosol (count median diameter = 0.04 µm), similar to that inhaled by rats (Casarett, 1964).…”

Section: Polonium (Z = 84)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The slower phase of removal appears to be associated with attachment of polonium to red blood cells and plasma proteins (Thomas, 1964; Cohen et al., 1989). (588) The relative quantities of polonium associated with red blood cells and plasma proteins varies with species, but in all species, the total amount of polonium in red blood cells exceeds that in plasma at most times after absorption or injection of polonium into blood (Silberstein et al., 1950a; Smith et al., 1961; Thomas, 1964; Cohen et al., 1989). There was considerable inter- and intrasubject variability in the relative quantities of 210 Po in red blood cells and plasma determined in human subjects administered 210 Po by intravenous injection or ingestion, but the content of red blood cells averaged approximately 1.5 times that of plasma (Silberstein et al., 1950b).…”

Section: Polonium (Z = 84)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(589) The initial behaviour of polonium in blood may depend on the route of exposure. After exposure by inhalation or wounds, there is generally an early, rapid loss of polonium in urine (Foreman et al., 1958; Smith et al., 1961; Casarett, 1964; Wraight and Strong, 1989) that appears to be absent or less pronounced after exposure by other routes. (590) The model for blood was designed to depict rapid and slow phases of removal such as those observed in non-human primates (Cohen et al., 1989); to approximate blood retention data for human subjects (Silberstein et al., 1950a), non-human primates (Cohen et al., 1989; Fellman et al., 1994), and dogs (Parfenov and Poluboyarinova, 1969); and to depict a higher rate of urinary excretion of polonium after exposure through inhalation or wounds than after exposure by other routes. Variation in the rate of urinary excretion with route of exposure is modelled by using different receptor compartments in plasma with different rates of transfer to the urinary excretion pathways.…”

Section: Polonium (Z = 84)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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ICRP Publication 137: Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides: Part 3

Paquet¹,

Bailey²,

Leggett³

et al. 2017

Ann ICRP

206

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The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, 2007) introduced changes that affect the calculation of effective dose, and implied a revision of the dose coefficients for internal exposure, published previously in the Publication 30 series (ICRP, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1988) and Publication 68 (ICRP, 1994). In addition, new data are now available that support an update of the radionuclide-specific information given in Publications 54 and 78 (ICRP, 1988a, 1997b) for the design of monitoring programmes and retrospective assessment of occupational internal doses. Provision of new biokinetic models, dose coefficients, monitoring methods, and bioassay data was performed by Committee 2, Task Group 21 on Internal Dosimetry, and Task Group 4 on Dose Calculations. A new series, the Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides (OIR) series, will replace the Publication 30 series and Publications 54, 68, and 78. OIR Part 1 has been issued (ICRP, 2015), and describes the assessment of internal occupational exposure to radionuclides, biokinetic and dosimetric models, methods of individual and workplace monitoring, and general aspects of retrospective dose assessment. OIR Part 2 (ICRP, 2016), this current publication and upcoming publications in the OIR series (Parts 4 and 5) provide data on individual elements and their radioisotopes, including information on chemical forms encountered in the workplace; a list of principal radioisotopes and their physical half-lives and decay modes; the parameter values of the reference biokinetic model; and data on monitoring techniques for the radioisotopes encountered most commonly in workplaces. Reviews of data on inhalation, ingestion, and systemic biokinetics are also provided for most of the elements. Dosimetric data provided in the printed publications of the OIR series include tables of committed effective dose per intake (Sv Bq−1 intake) for inhalation and ingestion, tables of committed effective dose per content (Sv Bq−1 measurement) for inhalation, and graphs of retention and excretion data per Bq intake for inhalation. These data are provided for all absorption types and for the most common isotope(s) of each element. The electronic annex that accompanies the OIR series of publications contains a comprehensive set of committed effective and equivalent dose coefficients, committed effective dose per content functions, and reference bioassay functions. Data are provided for inhalation, ingestion, and direct input to blood. This third publication in the series provides the above data for the following elements: ruthenium (Ru), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), iodine (I), caesium (Cs), barium (Ba), iridium (Ir), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), polonium (Po), radon (Rn), radium (Ra), thorium (Th), and uranium (U).

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Section: Polonium (Z = 84)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polonium (Z = 84)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polonium (Z = 84)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polonium (Z = 84)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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ICRP Publication 137: Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides: Part 3

Paquet¹,

Bailey²,

Leggett³

et al. 2017

Ann ICRP

206

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A small number of dogs were exposed via inhalation to Po-210-chloride carried on a sodium-chloride aerosol, with a CMD of 0.04 μm (Smith et al 1961). Average respiratory tract deposition was reported to be 64 %, with values ranging from 48 -77 %, based on use of 6 dogs.…”

Section: Respiratory Tract Deposition Of Inhaled Po-210mentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Evaluations for Ingestion Exposure of Humans to Polonium-210

Scott¹

2007

Dose-Response

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ᮀ The incident in London during November 2006 involving a lethal intake by Mr. Alexander Litvinenko of the highly-radioactive, alpha-particles-emitting polonium-210 (Po-210) isotope, presumably via ingestion, sparked renewed interest in the area of Po-210 toxicity to humans. This paper is the result of assembling and interpreting existing Po-210 data within the context of what is considered a reliable risk model (hazard-function [HF] model) for characterizing the risk of death from deterministic effects of high alpha radiation doses and dose rates to body organs. The HF model was developed to address radiation exposure scenarios involving combined exposures to alpha, beta, and gamma radiations and can be used in circumstances where only one type of radiation is involved. Under a plausible but not yet validated set of assumptions and using available megabecquerel (Po-210) to gray dose-conversion factors, acute lethality risk vs. dose curves were developed for circumstances of ingestion exposure to Po-210 by humans. Initial risk calculations were carried out for a reference adult male human (a hypothetical 70-kg person). Results were then modified for application to all ages (except the in utero child) via the use of systemic Po-210 burden. Because of the unavailability of acute lethality data derived from human ingestions of high levels of Po-210, plausibility of risk calculations were evaluated based on data from studies of Po-210 injections in animals. The animal data, although limited, were found to be consistent with the theoretical risk calculations. Key findings are as follows: (1) ingestion (or inhalation) of a few tents of a milligram of Po-210 will likely be fatal to all exposed persons. (2) Lethal intakes are expected to involve fatal damage to the bone marrow which is likely to be compounded by damage caused by higher doses to other organs including the kidneys and liver. (3) Lethal intakes are expected to cause severe damage to the kidney, spleen, stomach, small and large intestines, lymph nodes, skin, and testes (males) in addition to the fatal damage to bone marrow. (4) The time distribution of deaths is expected to depend on the level of radioactivity ingested or inhaled, with deaths occurring within about a month after very high levels of radioactivity intake (e.g., systemic burdens > 1 MBq/kg-body-mass) and occurring over longer periods, possibly up to or exceeding a year for lower but lethal intakes (systemic burdens from 0.1 to 1.0 MBq/kg-body-mass). Below a systemic burden estimate of 0.02 MBq/kg-bodymass, deaths from deterministic effects are not expected to occur but the risk of cancer and for life shortening could be significant. New, funded experimental and modeling/theoretical research is needed to improve on these estimates.

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