Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae

Otero-Ruiz, Alejandro; Gonzalez-Zuñiga, Leobardo Daniel; Rodriguez-Anaya, Libia Zulema; Lares-Jiménez, Luis Fernando; Gonzalez-Galaviz, Jose Reyes; Lares‐Villa, Fernando

doi:10.3390/pathogens11101199

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…The genus Acanthamoeba is currently classified into 23 genotypes (T1–T23), and of these some are known to be capable of causing GAE mainly in immunocompromised patients while other genotypes cause Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) mainly in otherwise healthy patients. There are partial genotypes known to cause both AK and GAE (T2, T4, T5, T10, and T12) ( 49 ). Whether ocular symptoms can be indicative of GAE is a question that needs to be further explored in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But B. mandrillaris is the only pathogenic species without genotypic classification. It has been reported the variable length of the rps3 type II intron (region of the mitochondrial genome) between the different strains of B. mandrillaris suggesting that it may be promising for the development of molecular genotyping ( 49 ). More B. mandrillaris from different geographical locations need to be sequenced for molecular genotyping.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: A systematic review

Chen

Zhang²,

Wen³

et al. 2023

Front. Neurol.

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BackgroundFree-living amoebae (FLA) including Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris can become pathogenic and cause severe cerebral infections, named primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), and balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE), respectively. FLA encephalitis has been reported across China, but the clinical data descriptions and analytical results of these different reports vary widely. Currently, no consensus treatment has been established. We conduct a systematic review to evaluate the exposure location, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of three FLA encephalitis and aim to reveal the differences between three FLA encephalitis in China.MethodsWe used MEDLINE (PubMed interface), EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, and China Biology Medicine disc (CBMdisc) databases for literatures published and manually retrieve the hospital records of our hospital. The search time was up to August 30, 2022, with no language restrictions.ResultsAfter excluding possible duplicate cases, a total of 48 patients of three FLA encephalitis were collected. One from the medical records of our hospital and 47 patients from 31 different studies. There were 11 patients of PAM, 10 patients of GAE, and 27 patients of BAE. The onset of PAM is mostly acute or subacute, and the clinical symptoms are acute and fulminant hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis. Most patients with GAE and BAE have an insidious onset and a chronic course. A total of 21 BAE patients (77.8%) had skin lesions before onset of symptoms. Additionally, 37 cases (77.1%) were diagnosed with FLA encephalitis before death. And there were 4 of PAM, 2 of GAE, and 10 of BAE diagnosed using next generation sequencing. No single agent can be proposed as the ideal therapy by itself. Only 6 cases were successfully treated.ConclusionsThis review provides an overview of the available data and studies of FLA encephalitis in China and identify some potential differences. FLA encephalitis is a rare but pathogenic infection, and physicians should early identify this encephalitis to improve survival.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: A systematic review

Chen

Zhang²,

Wen³

et al. 2023

Front. Neurol.

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“…However, by modelling the within-amoebae bacterial dynamics, they developed a hierarchical model, which necessitated some simplifying assumptions, for example, that only one bacterium is engulfed by each amoeba. Nevertheless, the model provides a framework for investigating transmission dynamics using realistic ambient temperature fluctuations affecting growth and encystment (Hundt & Ruffolo, 2005;Koshel' et al, 2015;Otero-Ruiz et al, 2022).…”

Section: Limitations Of Existing Fla-bacteria Interaction Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling dynamics between free‐living amoebae and bacteria

Ali,

Rice,

Byrne

et al. 2024

Environmental Microbiology

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Free‐living amoebae (FLA) serve as hosts for a variety of endosymbionts, which are microorganisms that reside and multiply within the FLA. Some of these endosymbionts pose a pathogenic threat to humans, animals, or both. The symbiotic relationship with FLA not only offers these microorganisms protection but also enhances their survival outside their hosts and assists in their dispersal across diverse habitats, thereby escalating disease transmission. This review is intended to offer an exhaustive overview of the existing mathematical models that have been applied to understand the dynamics of FLA, especially concerning their interactions with bacteria. An extensive literature review was conducted across Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases to identify mathematical models that describe the dynamics of interactions between FLA and bacteria, as published in peer‐reviewed scientific journals. The literature search revealed several FLA–bacteria model systems, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella multocida, and Legionella spp. Although the published mathematical models account for significant system dynamics such as predator–prey relationships and non‐linear growth rates, they generally overlook spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental conditions, such as temperature, and population diversity. Future mathematical models will need to incorporate these factors to enhance our understanding of FLA–bacteria dynamics and to provide valuable insights for future risk assessment and disease control measures.

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“…Acanthamoeba isolated from patients with the most severe clinical Acanthamoeba infections belong to the T4 genotype ( Booton et al, 2005 ; Maciver et al, 2013 ; Walochnik et al, 2015 ) followed by the T3 genotype ( Booton et al, 2002 ; Walochnik et al, 2015 ). There are also reports of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) caused by T2, T5, T6, T10, T11, T12 and T15 genotypes ( Maghsood et al, 2005 ; Di Cave et al, 2009 ; Nuprasert et al, 2010 ; Lorenzo-Morales et al, 2011 ; Roshni Prithiviraj et al, 2020 ; Otero-Ruiz et al, 2022 ) and GAE caused by T1, T2, T5, T10, T12, and T18 ( Khan, 2006 ; Lackner et al, 2010 ; Qvarnstrom et al, 2013 ; Duggal et al, 2017 ; Matsui et al, 2018 ; Otero-Ruiz et al, 2022 ). It is difficult to classify the rarer species of Acanthamoeba .…”

Section: Biological Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba

et al. 2023

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Acanthamoeba is an opportunistic protozoa, which exists widely in nature and is mainly distributed in soil and water. Acanthamoeba usually exists in two forms, trophozoites and cysts. The trophozoite stage is one of growth and reproduction while the cyst stage is characterized by cellular quiescence, commonly resulting in human infection, and the lack of effective monotherapy after initial infection leads to chronic disease. Acanthamoeba can infect several human body tissues such as the skin, cornea, conjunctiva, respiratory tract, and reproductive tract, especially when the tissue barriers are damaged. Furthermore, serious infections can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, skin, and lung infections. With an increasing number of Acanthamoeba infections in recent years, the pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba is becoming more relevant to mainstream clinical care. This review article will describe the etiological characteristics of Acanthamoeba infection in detail from the aspects of biological characteristic, classification, disease, and pathogenic mechanism in order to provide scientific basis for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Acanthamoeba infection.

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Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae

Cited by 8 publications

References 164 publications

Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: A systematic review

Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: A systematic review

Modelling dynamics between free‐living amoebae and bacteria

Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba

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