Distribution analysis of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in South Korea using climate and host plant ensemble maps

Evaluation of thermoregulation of different pine organs in early spring and estimation of heat reward for the western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis) on male cones

“…Determination of view factor. F d represents the view factor of objects for direct radiation and was calculated from the following formulae (9) for vertical, (10) for horizontal and (11) for…”

“…The damage of WCSB has been investigated in many pine species, for instance, Pinus ponderosa [ 5 ], Pinus monticola [ 6 ], Pinus contorta [ 7 ] and Pinus pinea [ 8 ]. Because those studies revealed the serious damage and WCSBs are spreading worldwide [ 9 , 10 ] development of methods to control WCSBs is needed [ 11 ]. Adult WCSBs can overwinter in litter or buildings, and emerge in spring [ 12 ].…”

Spatial analysis of the occurrence of the western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Europe based on multiple environmental variables

“…The WCSB uses coniferous trees as a shelter and food source necessary for maintaining its lifecycle even under a harsh environment (Fent & Kment, 2011 ). Climate affects the development and survival rates of the WCSB, meaning it is a determinant for establishing the pest population in a new area (Barta, 2016 ; Byeon et al, 2021 ; Park et al, 2016 ; Vincenzi et al, 2011 ). Thus, host plants and climate have been utilized the important factor in evaluating the establishment of WCSB (Byeon et al, 2021 ; Fent & Kment, 2011 ).…”

“…Climate affects the development and survival rates of the WCSB, meaning it is a determinant for establishing the pest population in a new area (Barta, 2016 ; Byeon et al, 2021 ; Park et al, 2016 ; Vincenzi et al, 2011 ). Thus, host plants and climate have been utilized the important factor in evaluating the establishment of WCSB (Byeon et al, 2021 ; Fent & Kment, 2011 ). However, only a few currently employed approaches can be applied to provide fundamental information regarding the regional potential occurrence and distribution of pest species (Desneux et al, 2022 ; Raffini et al, 2020 ).…”

“…By contrast, mechanistic models require species biology for parameter estimation, and repetitive adjustment for model simulation, which is relatively complex compared with the correlative models. However, the mechanistic models are able to provide biologically endurable areas of species distribution besides regions having similar environments and mechanism of species occurrence (Byeon et al, 2021 ; Kearney et al, 2010 ; Kriticos et al, 2015 ). Consequently, it is necessary to select an adequate type of species distribution model by considering available data, target species, and purpose of a study (Lee et al, 2022 ).…”