Distributed energy resources for a zero-energy neighborhood

Abstract

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Using electric vehicles to improve building energy sustainability

“…In the former case the departure times of the first trip of the day are assumed to be normally distributed with a standard deviation of 1 hours and the mean at 9:00, while in the latter case the mean is 16:00. Deriving from OECD estimates based 2 Without loss of generality we assume the driving patterns of PEVs and conventional cars are similar since it is reasonable to expect that drivers might be reluctant to change their habits when replacing their fuel-based car with a PEV. Thus, in the following we indifferently use the term car and PEV.…”

“…The notation of (nearly) zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) refers to the ability of the buildings to deliver (nearly) the same amount of energy to the supply grid as it is drawn from it on a yearly basis. Recent results related to the optimal management of ZEBs, either at a home or at a neighbourhood level can be found in [1] and [2].…”

EnergyTest: A tool for assessing building energy sustainability

“…Recent results related to the optimal management of ZEBs, either at a home or at a neighbourhood level can be found in [5] and [6].…”

Integrated and smart design for buildings and communities

“…Both existing areas [25,37,55,56,42,47,[49][50][51][52][53][54], as well as new developments [48,49,65,66,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64], have been studied for their potential to become zero energy. The size can vary from a few residential buildings, to tens, hundreds or more than thousand, in areas with urban or suburban character and in a few cases rural areas.…”

“…The measured average energy consumption (April-December 2013) of the net zero energy development West Village in California was 3.1 kWh/m2/month regulated energy use and 5.8 kWh/m2/month total energy use [72]. In [61], 80% of the primary energy needs are met by renewable energy sources, according to simulation results, and in [51] up to 91% global energy consumption reduction is calculated that can be achieved when transforming neighbourhoods to become zero energy, depending on the retrofit scenario chosen. Finally, in [64] one year's worth of measured performance results showed the achievement of a 134.5% net-plus energy community in an ecofriendly energy town composed of six public buildings and a hybrid renewable energy system.…”