Distributed Energetic Resources: Trend, Control and Operation

Abstract

Abstract-Humanity's growing energetic demand and the need for the electric fluid coming to not interconnected zones in the world has brought with it the deployment of a huge amount of researches related to the distributed generation, the distributed energetic resources, and the smart networks. Those have been approached as mechanisms for global growth and energetic supply. Thus, this article details the researches led by a significant number of experts who have definitely generated the fundamental pillars of evolution regarding network. Moreover, when it comes to its core, where the trend, the control and the operation of the new generation schemes, they provide the change from a traditional energetic system to a sustainable energetic system. Keywords -Algorithms, renewable energy sources, distributed generation, artificial intelligence, microgrid. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, traditional energy systems face different types of issues such as the high amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), high generation costs, network tension variations, overloaded lines, dynamic stability issues, and service interruptions.[1], [2]. In order to face these issues, an innovative and very common approach is the generation of electric energy at a local level. This type of energy generation is called Distributed Energy (DG) and the resources that provide it are called Distributed Energetic Resources (DER) [3], [4]. In fact, due to the energy generation in proximity to the load centers, the distributed generation resources would solve the demand over the transmission networks. Today, different countries are trying to increase the penetration of distributed generation in their electronic networks. Each country attempts to use in the most appropriate way the distributed energetic resources based on its resources and conditions. Unfortunately, each DER type has its inconveniences. For example, a photovoltaic system cannot generate electricity for a continued 24h period, because its energetic source is the sun, which does not provide radiation at all times. The same applies to wind power, because the wind currents are not constant, and therefore, the required speed is not fully available for the system's continued operation. Typically, intermittence is a disadvantage of the DG resources. That is why there's a need for integrating the DER which is crucial when providing high-quality electricity and satisfying the system's demand. [5], [6].The DERs are classified into two categories: Dispatchable and not dispatchable. The first one is related to resources which output potency can be adjusted by the network operators. The second one indicates that the generated energy of the DERs cannot be adjusted by the network operators. For this last category, a particular example would the wind and solar generation units.The Microgrids (MG) are an integrated way of DER, where the loads and storage units are installed for supplying energy to small communities such as universities, hospitals, schools, towns, paths, shopping malls, as well as industrial projects. T...