Distinct cytokine profiles of circulating mononuclear cells stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A in vitro during early and late episodes of chronic osteomyelitis

Abstract

We investigated the cytokine profile of peripheral mononuclear cells from chronic osteomyelitis (OST) patients following in vitro stimulation with staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). We demonstrate that stimulation with SEA induced prominent lymphocyte proliferation and high levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 secretion in both OST and non-infected individuals (NI). Even though stimulation with SEA had no impact on IL-6 production in either patient group, the baseline level of IL-6 production by cells from OST patients was always significantly less than that produced by cells from NI. After classifying the osteomyelitic episodes based on the time after the last reactivation event as "early" (1-4 months) or "late" osteomyelitis (5-12 months), we found that increased levels of TNF-α and IL-4 in combination with decreased levels of IL-6 were observed in the early episodes. By contrast, increased levels of IL-10, IL-2 and IL-6 were hallmarks of late episodes. Our data demonstrate that early osteomyelitic episodes are accompanied by an increased frequency of "high producers" of TNF-α and IL-4, whereas late events are characterised by increased frequencies of "high producers" of IL-10, IL-6 and IL-2. These findings demonstrate the distinct cytokine profiles in chronic osteomyelitis, with a distinct regulation of IL-6production during early and late episodes.

Different Modulatory Effects of Four Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clones on MG-63 Osteoblast-Like Cells

“…In line with previously published data showing the inductive effects of S. aureus with regard to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in different cell types [ 62 , 63 ] including osteoblasts [ 28 ], we found that the most persistent and at the same time most toxic strain, ST239, was able to strongly increase the expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, two cytokines often over-expressed during the development and progression of osteomyelitis [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ] at both 3 and 24 h p.i. compared with other strains.…”

Injectable Nano‐Micro Composites with Anti‐bacterial and Osteogenic Capabilities for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Osteomyelitis

“…It is common to see that IL‐10 shows a transient decrease in the early stage of osteomyelitis and then gradually increases subsequently. [ 67 ] In the immune microenvironment of osteomyelitis, monocytic cells can upregulate Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene expression in response to the internalized S. aureus or its extracellular vehicles (EVs), then activate the NF‐κB pathway, and promote significant secretion of IL‐10. [ 68 ] Admittedly, IL‐10 is considered an important M2 marker, which acts as an anti‐inflammatory cytokine.…”

The effects of brief physical conditioning on immune cells and cytokines in elderly individuals in Manaus, Amazonas

“…Cytokine signature -the cut off points for major and minor producers of cytokines were established based on a global median computation of all participants for each cytokine. Based on this approach, the individuals of each group were classi ied as major or minor producers (14,15) Activities protocol…”

“…The absolute values in pg/mL of the seven cytokines under study were extremely low, close to the minimum detection threshold The characterization of serum cytokines was based on the frequency of individuals classi ied as major and minor producers. That is, the values obtained by the experimental (pre-exercise and postexercise) and control groups were compiled into a single group and the median was calculated and adopted as the cut off point for each cytokine under study ( Figure 3A), based upon which the participants were classi ied as minor or major producers (14,15) .…”