Dissociation between implicit and explicit expectancies of cannabis use in adolescence

Schmits, Émilie; Maurage, Pierre; Thirion, Romain; Quertemont, Étienne

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.005

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The final sample consisted of 614 participants (53% girls) aged 11–14 years ( M = 12.97, SD = 0.87). Levels of baseline social anxiety ( M = 41.01, SD = 28.73) and depression ( M = 7.10, SD = 6.44) were comparable to findings of observational studies with young people ( Abdollahi, Yaacob, Talib, & Ismail, 2015 ; McKenzie et al, 2011 ; Schmits, Maurage, Thirion, & Quertemont, 2014 ; Shachar, Aderka, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2014 ). Girls reported higher levels of baseline social anxiety ( p < .001) and depression ( p < .001) than boys.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Cognitive predictors of adolescent social anxiety

Chiu

Clark

Leigh

2021

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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Background Identifying psychological processes that maintain social anxiety holds promise for improving treatment outcomes for young people. Experimental and prospective studies in adults suggest negative social cognitions, safety behaviours, self-focused attention, and pre- and post-event processing are all implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety. Despite social anxiety typically starting in adolescence, prospective studies examining these cognitive processes in youth are lacking. The current study examined prospective associations between these five cognitive processes and social anxiety in a sample of 614 participants (53% girls; aged 11–14 years). Methods Psychological processes, social anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-report questionnaires at two time points. Results Negative social cognitions, safety behaviours, self-focused attention, and post-event processing predicted prospective levels of social anxiety over and above the effect of baseline levels of social anxiety. When these process variables were entered together in a regression model, three of them were independently associated with prospective social anxiety. Neither pre- nor post-event processing independently predicted later social anxiety over and above the effects of other psychological process variables. Conclusions The findings indicate that these psychological processes are promising targets for treatment in adolescent social anxiety.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Cognitive predictors of adolescent social anxiety

Chiu

Clark

Leigh

2021

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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“…First, we did not assess explicit preference for alcohol versus cigarettes. However, previous studies show non-significant or weak associations between implicit cognitions concerning substance use and explicit reports of the same (Schmits, Maurage, Thirion, & Quertemont, 2015; Tibboel et al, 2011), which highlights the unique contribution of IAT designs. Second, participants were not asked to abstain from alcohol (although all had a BAC=0.00%), thus we could not determine the impact of alcohol withdrawal state on implicit preference for alcohol or cigarettes and potential interactions with cigarette withdrawal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Relationship of nicotine deprivation and indices of alcohol use behavior to implicit alcohol and cigarette approach cognitions in smokers

Cohn

Ehlke

Cobb

2017

Addictive Behaviors

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Alcohol and smoking frequently co-occur and alcohol is a primary trigger for smoking behavior and relapse back to smoking. This study examined whether several indices of alcohol use behavior and consequences of use would be associated with changes in implicit alcohol-approach versus implicit cigarette-approach cognitions under cigarette deprived and non-deprived cognitions in a 109 smokers who drank at risky or non-risky levels. An Implicit Association Task (IAT) measured how quickly respondents paired alcohol and cigarette pictures with approach and avoid words. Regression analyses examined the associations of quantity/frequency, proportion heavy drinking days, number of DSM-IV alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms, and risky drinking status to IAT scores under deprived conditions, controlling for IAT order effects, non-deprived IAT score, and deprived cigarette craving and withdrawal. Interactions with craving and withdrawal intensity were also examined. Results showed a significant positive association between proportion of heavy drinking days and stronger alcohol-approach than cigarette-approach motivations when deprived. There was also a conditional association of AUD symptoms to alcohol-approach motivations among respondents reporting more intense withdrawal when deprived. Alcohol quantity and frequency, as well as risky drinking status were unrelated to change in IAT scores. Findings suggest that cigarette deprivation may magnify motivation to drink, rather than smoke, among smokers who engage in more frequent bouts of heavy drinking and who report more alcohol-related problems. Results also show relative momentary and unconscious “preference” or choice for alcohol over cigarettes in some high-risk smokers, when cigarette craving and withdrawal are high.

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“…Consistent with previous research, results from this study provide support to the notion that youth who perceive undesired or unpleasant effects of cannabis consumption are less likely engaged in problematic cannabis use. In fact, a large body of cross-sectional and longitudinal research ( 20 , 22 , 54 , 55 ) found a significant negative relationship between negative cannabis use expectancies and the frequency of cannabis use, thus confirming that the endorsement of negative use expectancies may protect from involvement in cannabis use. Moreover, it could be hypothesized that negative effects expectancies about the potential effects of cannabis consumption may further reinforce the high levels of fearful traits characterizing socially anxious youth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…According to social learning models of addiction, expectancies are defined as beliefs and attitudes regarding the effects of a given substance and represent an important construct to explain initiation, maintenance, and cessation of substance consumption ( 18 – 20 ). Positive attitudes or expectancies concerning substance or alcohol use during adolescence and youth seem to be predictive of current and subsequent substance use or problematic involvement ( 21 , 22 ). Specifically, cannabis use expectancies change among users and non-users and in relation to different patterns of use ( 20 , 23 , 24 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediating Effects of Global Negative Effect Expectancies on the Association between Problematic Cannabis Use and Social Anxiety

et al. 2017

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The relationship between social anxiety (SA) and cannabis use among adolescents and young adults is a highly debated topic. In this cross-sectional study, we tested whether cannabis use expectancies mediated the association between SA and cannabis use severity in a sample of 343 young adults (74.3% male) who used cannabis. They completed self-report measures for the screening of problematic cannabis use (Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test) and SA symptoms (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale). A multiple mediation analysis was used to test whether marijuana effect expectancies mediate SA effect on problematic cannabis use. SA was negatively associated with cannabis use severity in this sample, and we found evidence that cannabis use expectancies fully mediated this relationship. Specifically, global negative effect expectancies influence the relationship between SA and problematic cannabis use. These findings may inform current prevention strategies and clinical intervention for young adults who use cannabis.

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Dissociation between implicit and explicit expectancies of cannabis use in adolescence

Cited by 12 publications

References 68 publications

Cognitive predictors of adolescent social anxiety

Cognitive predictors of adolescent social anxiety

Relationship of nicotine deprivation and indices of alcohol use behavior to implicit alcohol and cigarette approach cognitions in smokers

Mediating Effects of Global Negative Effect Expectancies on the Association between Problematic Cannabis Use and Social Anxiety

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