Dissipation and Migration of Pyrethroids in Auricularia polytricha Mont. from Cultivation to Postharvest Processing and Dietary Risk

Abstract

In order to ensure raw consumption safety the dissipation behavior, migration, postharvest processing, and dietary risk assessment of five pyrethroids in mushroom (Auricularia polytricha Mont.) cultivated under Chinese greenhouse-field conditions. Half-lives (t1/2) of pyrethroids in fruiting body and substrate samples were 3.10–5.26 and 17.46–40.06 d, respectively. Fenpropathrin dissipated rapidly in fruiting bodies (t1/2 3.10 d); bifenthrin had the longest t1/2. At harvest, pyrethroid residues in A. polytricha (except fenpropathrin) were above the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). Some migration of lambda-cyhalothrin was observed in the substrate-fruit body system. In postharvest-processing, sun-drying and soaking reduced pyrethroid residues by 25–83%. We therefore recommend that consumers soak these mushrooms in 0.5% NaHCO3 at 50 °C for 90 min. Pyrethroids exhibit a particularly low PF value of 0.08–0.13%, resulting in a negligible exposure risk upon mushroom consumption. This study provides guidance for the safe application of pyrethroids to edible fungi, and for the establishment of MRLs in mushrooms to reduce pesticide exposure in humans.

Chemical hazards in the mushroom supply chain

“…Three cultivation trials of Auricularia polytricha were conducted following standard procedures with the pyrethroids, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, λ-cyhalothrin, β-cypermethrin, and deltamethrin. Almost all residue levels found were above the respective MRLs as established in Europe, Japan or China (Xiao et al, 2018).…”

“…Pesticides that exceeded the EU MRLs according to literature or monitoring data and unauthorised pesticides were put on the intermediate list. MRL exceedances were found for; bifenthrin, carbofuran, chlorpyrofos, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, procymidone, β-cyfluthrin, β-cypermethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, (Liu et al, 2016;Xiao et al, 2018), carbendazim (Liu et al, 2016), fipronil, tetramethrin (RASFF) permethrin and propoxur (EFSA, 2011). Some of these pesticides are not approved in the Netherlands (as indicated in Table 5).…”

Dissipation Behavior of Three Fungicides during the Industrial Processing of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Associated Processing Factors

“…The concentrations and characteristics of pesticide residues in food are altered during processing. Numerous studies have shown that food processing can contribute to pesticide dissipation [9,18,19]. However, few studies have been reported on the changes in pesticide residues during CHM processing.…”

“…For example, Shakoori et al [8] studied the effect of the cooking method on the residues of 41 pesticides in rice and found that volatilization, hydrolysis, and thermal degradation decreased pesticide residues by 20.7% to 100%. Xiao et al [9] studied the digestion behavior of five pyrethroids in mushrooms during processing and demonstrated that the pyrethroids had low processing factors (PFs) of 0.08% to 0.13%, indicating that the pyrethroid exposure risk of mushroom consumption was negligible.…”