Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Varying Age Groups Based on Clinical Conditions

Abstract

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious syndrome characterized by the systemic activation of blood coagulation resulting in the thrombosis of vessels leading to organ dysfunction and severe bleeding. When physicians try to treat DIC, it is imperative to diagnose and treat the underlying conditions. Anyone can be affected by DIC, but vulnerable groups such as pediatric populations, pregnant women and the elderly may be at higher risk. In this review, the current literature on DIC in pregnancy, the pediatric population, and the elderly is reported. This review also highlights the similarities and differences in the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of DIC in the aforementioned groups (i.e., pediatrics, pregnant women, and the elderly). Findings from this study may help increase awareness about various presentations of DIC in these groups to facilitate rapid recognition of symptoms leading to correct diagnoses.

Assessment of the Annexin A2 as a Predictive Biomarker for the Severity of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Acute Leukemia Patients

“…Table (4) shows a highly significant risk factor in severity of DIC (OR, 95% CI: 192.504 (1.793-20670.5), p=0.027), more than D-Dimer level. These results agree with (Geyer-Roberts et al, 2022). However, the same table shows a significant increase in INR, DIC scores with older age due to the same causes.…”

“…Therefore these biomarkers concede predictive parameters for the severity of DIC shown in Table ( 1) in agreement with the study (Wada et al, 2022). While gender and age with a range of 19-40 years are shown in Tables (2 & 3) respectively, no significant difference in predictive severity of DIC in acute leukemia because DIC incidence decrease in middle age patients and increases in younger and older patients due to limited reserves of coagulation factors including procoagulative and anti-coagulative factors (Salonvaara et al, 2003) this founding agree with (Geyer-Roberts et al, 2022). Gender does not affect on severity of DIC because of the number of male and female closed-in samples, also the DIC is predictive with AML group more than ALL due to AML leukemic cells sharing several common procoagulant mechanisms with other tumor cells, including the potential to express tissue factor upon inflammatory stimulation and to liberate extracellular vesicles that further drive coagulation (Levi, 2018).…”