“…Besides the two influential theories mentioned above, recent studies suggest that both object-based (i.e., bottom-up route) and experience-driven (i.e., top-down route) perceptual grouping contribute to holistic processing (Zhao, Bülthoff, & Bülthoff, 2016a, 2016b; see also Curby, Entenman, & Fleming, 2016;Curby, Goldstein, & Blacker, 2013;Zhou, Cheng, Zhang, & Wong, 2012). Consistent with this dual-route hypothesis, holistic processing of faces can be reduced or eliminated by disrupting object-based grouping of facial parts, despite humans having life-long experience in individuating faces (Curby et al, 2013;Zhao et al, 2016b).…”